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Bhasker > Making of Regional Culture > Flashcards

Making of Regional Culture Flashcards

To study chapter 7 of history perfectly

1
Q

Name the key facts about Malayalam Language.

2 marks questions ; Write 5-6 points

A
  • Malayalam was one of the earliest languages used as official records in the Indian subcontinent.
  • The Chera rulers of Mahodayapuram established their kingdom in mid-9th century and spoke this Language.
  • Prominent in present-day Kerala.
  • Malayalam is directly indebted to Sanskrit language.
  • Lilatilakam is and important Malayalam literature text which is composed in Manipravalam script.
  • Manipravalam means diamonds and corals and is a metaphor to the harmonious relationship of Sanskrit & regional languages.

Page 79-80

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2
Q

What was the most prominent inspiration of Kathak?

A

The Rasalila (Love story of Krishna & Radha)

Page 83

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3
Q

Why did Mughals maintain a collection of miniatures?

A

Miniature paintings convey same informations as the Manuscripts. They help the uneducated understand the information the manuscript tries to relay. Mughals also maintained miniatures to display their social life, hunting expeditions or court scenes. They also used these as gifts and were very exclusive

Page 85

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4
Q

How did Rajasthani and Haryanvi Paintings (Miniatures) evolve?

3 points

A

As the Mughal empire declined, several artisans and painters from the land fled to either the Himachal region or further west towards the desert. Here again, they displayed their skill by retaining key features of Mughal miniatures but with a local tint. Centres in Rajasthan include Mewar, Jodhpur, Kota, Kishangarh, Buni etc., In the Himachal region, the fled artisans painted the Khangra style of art.

Page 85

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5
Q

Whose invasion 1739 lead migration of Mughal artisans to the Himachal?

A

Nadir Shah

Page 86

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6
Q

Who were Naths?

A

Naths were ascetics who engaged in a variety of yogic practises.

Page 88

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7
Q

What are the 6 classical dances of India?

A

Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Odissi, Manipuri, Kathak and Kuchipudi

Page 84

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8
Q

Where was emphasis laid on in the dance form of Kathak?

A

Emphasis was laid on intricate and rapid footwork, elaborate costumes and enactment of stories in the classical dance form of Kathak.

Page 84

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9
Q

Which city did prince Raj Singh Belong to?

A

Bikaner

Page 81

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10
Q

Under whose rule did Kathak blossom?

A

Wajid Ali Shah

Page 83

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11
Q

Wajid Ali Shah had a specific place to keep the Kathak dancers pre their performances. What is this place?

Important question

A

Horem

Page 83; Side information

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12
Q

Which Seventeenth Century Chinese traveller observed that languages related to Sanskrit were used all over Bengal?

A

Xuan Zang

Page 87

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13
Q

What is the irony about survival of miniature paintings?

A

The irony is that the miniature paintings [in Kangra form] painted by ordinary men & women on pots, cloth, walls occasionally survived contrary to those which were preserved in palaces.

Page 86-87

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14
Q

Explain the Basohli style of painting

A

The late seventeenth century saw a new miniature style evolve in the Himachal regions which consists of bold and intense painting called Basohli.

Page 86

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15
Q

Name any 4 famous translations into Bengali of Sanskrit texts?

A

Mangalyakavyas, Bhakti Literature, Biographies of Chaintanyadeva and the Vaishnavism Bhakti Movement albums.

Page 88

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16
Q

What does Nath Literature comprise of?

A

Nath Literature is completely independent Bengali and isn’t dependent of Sanskrit. It revolves around the songs of Maynamati and Gopichandra, stories containing worship of Dharma Thakur and fairy tales, folk tales and ballards.

Page 88

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17
Q

Who was Dharma Thakkur?

A

Dharma Thakur is a popular regional deity often worshipped in form of a stone or piece of wood.

Page 88

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18
Q

Bengali Language was the language of administration in the Bengali suba, true or false?

A

False

It was Persian. Bengali developed as a regional language under Mughals.

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19
Q

Explain the evolution of Kangra art.

3 points

A

The people who lived in Mughal land fled during their decline as Nadir Shah’s invasion peaked. They found shelter in the hills of Himachal. Here, they found ready patrons and soon established the Kangra school of painting.

Page 86

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20
Q

Features of Kangra art

A

Kangra art was a new form of miniature paintings in the mid-eighteenth century. The source of inspiration was the Vaishnavite traditions. Soft colours, including cool blues and greens and a lyrical treatment of themes distinguished Kangra painting.

Page 86

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21
Q

Why was Wajid Ali Shah sent into exile?

A

The British of the 19th and 20th centuries had a certain disliking for classical dance forms. They felt that Wajid Ali Shah gave priority only to the dance forms and help them grow rather than on administration of Awadh and therefore exiled him to Calcutta.

Page 84

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22
Q

At what point of Wajid Ali Shah’s life can we find most of his writings about his love for Kathak and awadh?

A

During exile

Page 84 ; side information

23
Q

What is Awadh called today?

A

Lucknow

Discussed in class

24
Q

What is the definition of gharanas?

Very important

A

a community of performers who share a distinctive musical style that traces to a particular instructor or region.

Page 83

Technically a tradition

25
Q

Bhanudatta painted the Mangalyakavya miniatures. True or False

A

False

Page 86

Mangalyakavyas were auspicious poems in Sanskrit translated into Bengali. Bhanudatta painted the Rasamanjari.

26
Q

From the eight century, Bengal became the centre of a regional kingdom under the ________. Fill in the blanks

A

Palas

Page 87

27
Q

Name the 5 main centres of Rajasthani miniature art forms?

A

Kota, Kishangarh, Jodhpur, Bundi and Mewar

Page 85

28
Q

Fun Question

Name the only Indian regional language palindrome

A

Malayalam

29
Q

Name any one miniature from Kota

A

Maharan Ram Singh II playing holi in the rajput miniature

Page 86

30
Q

What distinguished Kangra painting?

A

Soft colours of cool blues and greens and lyrical treatment of themes

Page 86

31
Q

Who are the 3 icons of the Jagannatha Puri temple in Orissa?

A

Balabhadra {Balaram}, Subhadra, Jagannatha

Page 80

32
Q

Why did the East Indian Company try to gain control over the Puri Jagannatha temple?

A

They felt that this would make their rule acceptable to the local people

Page 81

33
Q

What led to the growing influence of Sanskrit on Bengali?

A

From fourth-third centuries BCE, commercial ties began to develop between Bengal and Magadha which may have led to the growing influence of Sanskrit over Bengali.

Page 87

34
Q

Name me any 3 differences between the Basohli and the Kangra styles of art

A

Basohli
* Text Based
* Bold, Intense Colors
* Rasalila Inspired
* Grew in 17th century

Kangra
* Myth Based
* Cool Soft Colors
* Vaishnavite traditions inspired
* Grew in 18th century

Page 86

34
Q

Who proclaimed himself as the
“deputy of god” to Lord Jagannatha the deity and in which year?

A

Anangabhima, 1230

Page 80

King Anangabhima III

34
Q

How did Jagannatha temple become a socially active centre?

A

As the temple gained in importance as a centre of pilgrimage, its authority in social and political matters increased as well. Therefore, many rulers wanted to conquer this temple and it became socially active.

Page 81

34
Q

Rajputana was completely inhabited by Rajputs and only scarce traces of other people were found. True or False?

A

False

Page 81

There were several groups of Rajputs living in Rajasthan and in the northern part of India, but they did not make up Rajasthan’s culture. Rajputana (Rajasthan) still consisted of several other tribes. The Rajput merely contributed to the rich culture there

35
Q

What quality defined a Rajput?

A

The Rajput rulers cherished the ideal of the hero who fought valiantly, often choosing death on the battlefield rather than face defeat.

Page 81

36
Q

Who are minstrels?

A

A medieval musician or singer who sang and recited heroic poetry about feats in war to a noble was a minstrel.

Page 81, extra information

37
Q

Cholas developed malayalam. True or False?

A

False

Page 79

Cheras developed Malayalam

38
Q

Which is the most common way of descirbing people

A

Language

Page 79, Introduction to Making of Regional Culture

39
Q

Correct the statement: By the third quarter of the sixteenth century, Kathak was firmly entrenched as a dance form not only in Rajasthan and Lucknow but even in Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.

A

Nineteenth

Page 83

Not in the sixteenth but in the nineteenth century

40
Q

Which persian word means spiritual guide?

A

Pir

Page 89

41
Q

Who did the villagers seek when they needed order and assurance?

A

Order and Assurance was provided by community leaders, who were actually teachers, adjudicators and were described as people with supernatural powers. They refered to them as pir.

Page 89

42
Q

Define Animism

A

The giving or belief that even plants, everyday playthings, objects and natural phenomenon have souls.

Page 89 (Side box)

43
Q

Who did the association of elderly pirs include?

A
  • Saints or Sufis
  • Other Religious personalities
  • Daring Colonisers
  • Deified soldiers
  • Hindu Buddhist deities

Page 89

44
Q

Who were the Kansari?

A

Bell Metal Workers

Page 90

45
Q

Who were the Kolu?

A

Oil Pressers

Page 90

46
Q

Why did the emerging groups or individuals build temples?

A
  • Demonstrate power
  • Proclaim their devotion to the deity
  • Gain acceptance amongst the higher class groups

Page 89

47
Q

What are the 2 methods of Bengali temple architecture?

A

Dochala (Two roofed)
Chauchala (Four Roofed)

Page 90

48
Q

How did the “low” social groups gain acceptance?

A

Low social groups such as the Kolu and Kansaris were previously used by emegring groups as temple builders. The East India Company provided them with better job oppurtunities and slowly, the low social groups proclaimed their status by building independent temples.

Page 90

49
Q

Give an example for decoration on outer walls of chauchala temple in Vishnupur?

A

The terracotta plaques of Krishna with the gopis have been brilliantly carved on to the outer walls of vishnupur temple.

Page 91

50
Q

Features of Chauchala

A

Four triangle roofs placed on four walls move up to converge on a curved line or point. Temples usually were built on squared platforms. The interior was pretty plain, but the exterior walls were intricate and elaborate.

Page 90

Bhasker (3 decks)

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