Making Of America Flashcards
What three ways did American expand between 1789-1838
And describe
1.colonial expansion-Forced taking of Native American land->1794 Battle of the Fallen timbers, Treaty of Greenville
2.Economic reasons-Jefferson tried to encourage settlement west but many couldn’t afford $1 per acre cost-squatters
3.Major events-Louisiana purchase 1803 and Lewis and Clark
What was the Indian removal act?
And year
1830
Andrew Jackson passed the act to send Native Americans West to a new territory so that their land could be used for plantations
90,000 people sent on the journey, many died
How did slavery spread between 1838-40?
4 reasons
-Major events:Louisiana purchase 1803- provided vast new land which was perfect and fertile for growing cotton—>Missouri compromise - slave/free state pairings agreement
- Economic:Eli Whitney’s creation of the Cotton gin 1793-cleaned cotton much quicker for demanded the slaves to pick cotton even quicker- high demand
Cotton gin lead to pushing system-harsh system which put pressure and violence on slaves to work quicker
-Colonial expansion:Forced moving of AA in north to south, often made $1000 per slave, kidnapped then
-Major events:1820 Missouri compromise- settled tensions among north and south, allowed slavery to expand west
Why was opposition to slavers unsuccessful before 1838?
Slave rebellions like the revolt lead by Charles deslondes in 1811 was quickly ended by armed forces
Abolitionist encourages some slavers to move to Africa but they had lives their whole lives in USA, some encouraged rebellions but others didn’t agree
Economic reasons- slavery and cotton provided vast profit for America - people depended on it for their livelihoods such as factory owners in the north etc . Andrew’s Jackson also have loans to investments related to cotton
What are some examples of Native American resistance before 1839?
Cherokees took Georgia to court accusing them of stealing their rights
Seminole chiefs went tot war with the USA, Cost USA $40-60 million
Creeks were cheated out of land by white settlers and took revenge by stealing crops and livestock, some committed murder and arson—>Gov removed all creeks
why did white Americans move west to Oregon? 1789-1850
Manifest destiny- the belief that god wanted settlement of the whole of North America, and he wanted NA converted to Christianity
Newspaper reports were very promising about how great life was in Oregon
Economic problems in the east led people to want a fresh start in the west
1841- the us government said anyone who built a house in Oregon would be first on line to buy the land around it
What made the Mormons move to Salt Lake City?
They were very unpopular due to their beliefs..
They were forced to New York where they set up a ‘holy city’ called Nauvoo. Their leader Joseph smith was shot when he ran for president. So tbe MORMONS moved west to Utah away from anti Mormons. Their new leader Brigham Young founded Salt Lake City
What made settlers move to California?
California gold rush 1848-9- rumors if gold in foothills of Sierra Nevada mountains, rumors of men earning $1000 a day from gold.
Many set out to pan for gold and moved west. Merchants such as Levi Strauss also took advantage of the miners .over 50000 headed to California in 1849 alone. However eventually big companies took over and payed men small wages to find gold as it was no longer surface gold. Machines damaged land, animals .Native American land was also damaged by miners-Us gov signed treaty of fort Laramie 1851
What did people move west between 1858-9
Pikes Peak Gold Rush in Kansas territory- much easier to get there by sail wagons in plains or using the railroads. town boosters mapped out the wrong routes.Farms begun opening on Eastern Kansas to supply the miners with food, this meant even more people moved to Kansas and it became a state. White farmers however allowed grazing on Cheyenne hunting grounds which broke precious treaties, white settlers now also wanted to settle on the plains
What was a short term cause of the civil war?
Honest Abe
When Abraham Lincoln was elected as president, he promised to give free land to western colonists and to stop the spread of slavery as it was dividing the US- this angered southern leaders and they threatens to secede to protect the rights of individual states
What was a short term cause of the Civil war?
South Carolina
South Carolina voted 169 to 0 to secede form the union, 6 other states joined them and formed the confederacy led by Jefferson Davis
April 12 1861, confederate soldiers opened fire on union soldiers at Fort Sumter
What was a long term cause if the civil war?
Bleeding…
Kansas Nebraska Act 1854- congress ended the fairness of the 1820 Missouri compromise when they allowed the state of Kansas to vote whether to be a slave or a free state.Violence broke out as many people including John Brown went to Kansas to force their opinions.This violence was known as bleeding Kansas
What is a long term cause if the Civil war?
Tubman
Abolitionists gained popularity in the north which angered the south. Abolitionists such as Harriet Tubman who crates underground networks to smuggle escaped slaves to the North.As well as Frederick Douglass who toured Europe sharing his stories from when he was a slave.
What were major issues suffered by African Americans before 1861?
North:African Americans were segregated, they went to separate schools with much less funding. They often had to pay more rent for poorer houses and often didn’t receive equal pay.
South:Were not treated at human beings more like objects, enslaved-couldn’t earn money, living in cramped plantation housing, illegal to learn to read or write in most southern states
Positive changers to African American lives between 1861-2
Sea islands off the coast of South Carolina was given to formerly enslaved people from the south, formerly enslaved people began setting up regiments
Positive changes to African American lives between 1863-65
1863- Emancipation proclamation promised all slaves would be freed when the union won the war.African American could join union army, 1864 equal pay
What stayed the same for African American during total civil war 1863-5?
Black soldiers were not treated well- did worst jobs, low pay and couldn’t become officers.New York Draft riots 1863-white workers in NY felt rhey were fighting for AA so rioted-lynched, drowned and beat AA to death, burnt their houses down
How did African American lives improve during reconstruction 1865-77?
Radical congress:
The reconstruction amendments were passed, these included
13th Amendment-outlawed slavery
14th Amendment-made African Americans citizens with qual protection under the law
15th amendment- have African Americans the right to vote
2000 black politicians by 1870
Ways the lives of African Americans didn’t improve during reconstruction 1865-77?
New president:After Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, the vice president Andrew Johnson ( a southern democrat) became president. A claimed the reconstruction was over on 1870 and introduced black codes which included black American not able to marry white people, own/ rent farmland, own a gun or give evidence shading white people in court.
Land like sea islands was also given back to white people from ex slaves and the confederate states were allowed to join the USA and keep all their pre war powers.
Southern resistance: Gangs like the KKK and white league lynched and terrorised African Americans who they felt had become to powerful
Supreme Court: claimed the constitution doesn’t say anything about the need to treat all citizens equally or protect AA’s
Union soldiers withdrawn form south
Summarise the red clouds war and year
1865-1868
Gold discovered in Montana meant lots of miners went onto Native American land on the Bozeman trail, breaking the Treaty of Fort Laramie.Native American started attacking miners and tbe army was sent to defend white Americans. Native Americans defeated the army and the Gov was forced to sign another Treaty of Fort Laramie, giving more land to NA and stated that white Americans couldn’t go into NA land without permission
Summaries the Great Sioux War and year
1876-1877
Gold found in the NA land of the Black Hills, Gov tried to buy the land but crazy horse and sitting bull refused. They lead an attack on the military with led to the Battle of Little Bighorn 1876 when Custer and his army was outnumbered and defeated.However, the Gov stopped sending rations to the reservation and the Sioux starved. Crazy horse was arrested and killed, sitting bull escaped to Canada with other and the remaining were arrested. The Gov illegally took the 40 acre land of Black Hills
Summaries the Little crows war and year
1862
Little crow sighed a reservation agreement but the tribe starved as the Gov refused to use emergency food stores.Little crow led NA’s to attack families and farms in Minnesota, the military defeated, arrested and hung little crow publicly. All the other Sioux were attacked and arrested and sent to a reservation
Why did white Americans settle on the Plains? 1861-1877
Transcontinental railroad
Cow towns
Ranches
Homestead Act 1862- 160 acres of land given
How much were big companies given to build the transcontinental railroad?
Name one company
6400 acres for every mile built
Union Pacific
What were problems faced by homesteaders?
And Native American due to the homesteaders
Conflict with Indians, lack of timber and supplies, isolation, difficult land to farm and plough, extreme weather conditions, difficult to keep warm, locusts destroying crops, disease spread easily in sod houses/collapsed.
Homesteaders fenced of their land which disrupted buffalo herds, homesteads took water and supplies from do there was less for Buffalo and NA’s,
What happens at Wounded Knee 1890?
Native Americans started doing the ‘Ghost Dance’ hoping a savior would remove the white Americans and bring back the buffalo.It was beloved that Sitting Bull would return, so General Miles and the seventh cavalry killed many women children and men in the massacre
How did the white Americans destroy the Native Americans culture and lives?
Part 1
Destruction of the Buffalo-canning factories paid people to pick berries from the Plains which took food from the NA, monoculture society meant they depended on the buffalo
Destruction of culture
Pt 2
How did the white Americans destroy the NA culture?
Reservations: divided tribes, forced to move onto small areas of land and relied upon the Gov for supplies-removed independence and nomadic lifestyle
Sent children to boarding schools where they were given white names and converted to Christianity, they were beaten if they spoke any language that wasn’t English
1887 Dawes Act- offered NA men 160 acre homestead and full citizenship in return for tribal land
Ways in which USA was a golden age between 1877 and 1900
Was not?
-Booming economy-bonanza farms, cotton, tobacco, fossil fuels trades
-New jobs helped failed homesteaders
-Big cities like Chicago had skyscrapers and theater
-Over 7 million migrants arrived for the American dream
Was not a golden age:
-Low skilled and low paid jobs, bonanza farms made it difficult for small scale farmers
-high child death rates, overcrowded and disease within big cities
-Anti immigrant violence and prejudice, white workers pushed out of jobs for migrants for accepted lower pay
-10% of San Fran population Chinese
Improvements to African American lives between 1877-1900 social economic and political
Economic:Exodusters claimed land from homestead act and become farmers, Booker T Washington led education- 300 black lawyers by 1900
Social:Black people set up their own churches and communities in the North, land owned by AA tripled between 1877-1900
Policitcal:Campaigns like Ida Wells used amendments to prevent slavery happening again, and to gain better funding for schools like transport.
Reform of KKK
Ways African Americans lives did not improve between 1877-1900 social, economic and political
Social:Jim crow laws segregated African Americans in public places, white schools received more funding, racist landlords had poor living conditions and made moving to a better home difficult
Political:Kkk reformed in 1890s terrorising AA’s, most southern states were run by ex slave holders and made voting for AA’s difficult- had to take literary tests before voting
ESSAY PRACTICE:During the civil war, the lives of African Americans stayed the same how far do you agree? (18)
->Agree:Jobs-Did not receive equal pay in the north
-Given worst jobs within army
->Disagree:Changes during total war
-1862 First black regiment
-40 acres of land and a Mule given to slaves in south by General Sherman
->Agree:Persecution and inequality in north
-New York Draft Riots 1863-white workers felt they were fighting for AA
-Segregation in schools and public spaces
->Disagree:More freedom and liberties brought on my Lincoln
-1863 Emancipation proc.
-Land from Sea islands given
to ex slaves
ESSAY PRACTICE:Was was the impact of the transcontinental railroad road? [18]
1.Workforce:12,000 Chinese migrants hired to build railroads, many accidents when building through rocky and Sierra Nevada mountains-dangerous.
2.Land and money:6400 acres of land for every mile built gives to 2 railroad companies eg Union Pacific- made them very rich. New towns in railroad lines-very violent eg abilene
3.Native Americans:Disrupted buffalo herds, encouraged settlement on plains- taking resources.
4.Cattle trade: Allowed ranchers to settle on plains for easier access to railroad when distributing meat. Cattle trade changed landscape of plains due to grazing.
Why did people move to the plains?
-To follow the American dream and start a better life
-To take advantage of cheaper lane from the 1862 homestead act- 160 acres for 5 years
-Former slaves could claim land and escape slavery
-Huge advertising campaigns by railroad companies
ESSAY PRACTICE:How was 1877-1900 a golden age for white Americans and migrants?
-Was(corporation):Booming economy with increased tobacco and cotton production. Ordinary people such as Andrew Carnegie could become successful.
-Was not(workers):Poorly paid jobs and low skilled. Dangerous working conditions- poorly built mines.
-Was(Migrants):Low ship fares- cheaper and easier to migrate. People followed American dream and could get tested for health at Ellis island immigration centre(7 mill arrived to USA by 1900)
-Was not(migrants):Prejudice and anti immigrant violence- migrants took jobs for low pay from white Americans.Anti Chinese riots( 10% San Francisco pop Chinese)
