Making of a Modern World Flashcards
What was the Enlightenment?
belief that humans could explain nature of universe to a movement in 18th century
How did the thinkers of the Enlightenment react to this?
Thinkers of Enlightenment believed that because humans could solve their own problems and are born with reasoning
Many of the assessments made by the philosophers were stored in what?
Many of philosopher’s assessments were stored in Encyclopedie, collection of over 75000 articles
Who edited the illustrations in the Encylopedie?
Diderot
When was the Encylopedie published?
Was published during 1751-1766
What was ‘The Social Contract’, who and when was it published?
‘The Social Contract’ was criticism that every person born with same rights
Ideas of Enlightenment were: Reason, Individualism, Republicanism, Humanism, Secularism, idea assessed by Rousseau and published in 1762
Name some discoveries that were featured in the Enlightenment.
Benjamin Franklin about electricity in 1752
Invention of spinning jenny by James Hargreaves
Steam engine invented by James Watt
What is inoculation and who discovered it?
In 1726, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduced inoculation to Europe meaning that limited exposure to disease helped improve a patient’s immunity to that disease
What is vaccination and who discovered it?
In 1796, Edward Jenner developed vaccination which helped in the elimination of smallpox in Europe, his hypothesis was confirmed that people who get cowpox cannot get the fatal disease of smallpox
What is capitalism?
Capitalism is economic system that encourages competition between sellers who all want to make high profit
What was the main source of wealth before the Industrial Revolution?
Land
What did mass production help with?
Mass production allowed capitalists to make goods quickly, cheaply and in large quantities
Which factory first used production line of workers?
Matthew Boulton’s factory
What is triangular trade?
Raw materials from colonies of Britain transported to Britain where they were made into goods that could be sold throughout empire, trade was called
Where did rural workers end up?
Due to competition from larger factories, rural workers ended up as unskilled labourers in cities such as Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester
Discuss about the workers in the Industrial Revolution.
Workers in Industrial Revolution forced to live in crammed tenement blocks, often damp and freezing in winter
Privacy was almost impossible as several families shared 1 house
Human and other waste accumulated on mud floors attracting rats, fleas which were carriers of diseases such as typhus and cholera
Factory conditions dangerous and working hours could be from 12-16 hours long
Steam engines made conditions in factory hot and polluted
Long hours caused workers to feel fatigued and uncommon to hire workers at the age of 7 or 8
Coalmines were deep as 2km underground
Boys at age of 5 used to open and close mine shaft doors
Discuss about the American Revolution and how it happened?
Britain ended French influence in North America after winning in Seven Years War
Introduction of taxes caused a protest from the colonists
Many believed that it was unfair to pay taxes to government thousands of kilometers away
Led to series of clashes between British troops and American colonists and in April 1775 armed conflict broke out
American War of Independence lasted for 7 years until George Washington’s Continental Army defeated the British soldiers
Independence of United States was officially declared on 3 September 1783 with signing of Treaty of Paris
Discuss about the French Revolution.
French Revolution took place from 1789-99
After execution of King Louis XVI (1793), opponents of revolution pushed towards to crush it with the help of foreign armies
Threat led to a period known as ‘Reign of Terror’ when thousands of innocent victims were beheaded by a guillotine (death machine)
French Revolution introduced ideals e.g. right to vote, equality before law, freedom of speech
What is republicanism?
Republic is form of government in which head of state is citizen rather than monarch
What is liberalism?
Liberalism was movement that aimed at protecting and improving rights of citizens
What is nationalism?
Nationalism is belief that people of similar race, culture or ideals to be belonged to same nation state
