MAKE-UP OF THE HUMAN BODY Flashcards
is an arrangement of organs closely allied to each other and concerned with the same functions.
System
is made up of organs which in turn are made up of cells.
system
is the biological basis of life.
cell
consists of bones of the body and the connective tissues that bind
them.
skeletal system
3 functions of skeletal muscle tissues
support, protection, and motion.
Movement is made
possible by the joints which are basically of two kinds:
ball and socket joints, and hinge
joints.
those of the shoulder and hip.
ball and socket joints
movements made possible are rotation, circling and twisting.
ball and socket joints
are those
of the elbow, knee, or finger.
hinge joints
The movements made possible are stretching and bending.
hinge joints
what the movements made possible of hinge joints
stretching and
bending.
what are the
movements made possible with ball and socket joints
rotation, circling and twisting.
The skeleton serves 6 major functions.
Support
Movement
Protection
Blood cell production
Storage
Endocrine regulation
provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape.
skeleton
provide a floor for the pelvic
structures.
pelvis and associated ligaments
Without the ribs, costal cartilages, and the intercostal muscles the heart
would collapse.
this joint allows a greater range of
movement than the pivot joint at the neck.
ball and socket joint
3 parts of the body provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system.
Muscles, bones, and joints
Muscles, bones, and joints
provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the
nervous system.
8 vital organs
skull
vertebrae
rib cage
clavicle
illium
patella
carpals
protects the brain, the eyes and the middle inner ears
skull
what does the skull protect
brain, eyes, middle and inner ears
it protects the spinal cord
vertebrae
what does vertebrae protect
spinal cord
these three protects the lungs hear and mojor blood vessels
rib cage, spine, and sternum
what does the rib cage spine, and the sternum protect
lungs
heart
major blood vessels
they protect the shoulder
clavicle and scapula
what doe sthe clavicle and scapula protect
shoulder
they protect the digestive and urogenital systems and the hip
illium and spine
what does the illium and spine protect
digestive system
urogenital system
hip
protects the knee and the elbow
patella and ulna
what protects knee
patella
what does patella protect
knee
what does ulna protect
elbow
what protects the elbow
ulna
what protects the wrist
carpals
what does carpals protect?
wrist
what protects the ankles
tarsals
what does the tarsals protect
ankle
is the site of haematopoiesis,
skeleton
haematopoiesis, which takes place in
yellow bone marrow.
what takes place yellow bone marrow
haematopoiesis
is found in the center of long bones
marrow
can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism,
Bone matrix
Bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in
calcium metabolism
can store iron in ferritin and is involved in iron metabolism.
bone marrow
bone marrow
can store iron in ferritin and is involved in
iron metabolism
bones are not
entirely made of
calcium
bones are amixture of —- and —-
chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite,
makes up 70% of a bone.
hydroxyapatite
release a hormone called osteocalcin,
bone cells
Bone cells release a hormone called
osteocalcin
contributes to the regulation of
blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition.
osteocalcin
osteocalcin contributes to the regulation of — and —-
blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition.
increases both the insulin
secretion and sensitivity
Osteocalcin
The skeleton is divided into 2
axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
includes the bones of the skull, the hyoid bone, the bones of the middle ear, the vertebral column, and the bony thorax.
axial skeleton
includes the bones of the extremities and the bones of the
hip and shoulder girdles.
appendicular skeleton
appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the extremities and the bones of the — and —-
hip and shoulder girdles.
what bones are there in the axial skeleton
vertebral column
rib cage
skull
how many bone are formed by the Vertebral column
80 bones
how many bones are there in the vertebral column?
26
how many pairs of ribs are there
12
how many bone are there in the skull
22 bones and 7 assoc bones
transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints
axial skeleton
axial skeleton transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the
hip joints
therefore responsible for the
upright position of the human body
Axial skeleton
what causes the spine appear curved
erectors spinae muscles and a large amount of ligaments
how many skeletal muscles are there
366
what cavity/bone responsible for breathing
thoracic cage
demonstrates that weight-
bearing exercise stimulates bone growth.
American Society for Bone Mineral Research (ASBMR)
what does (ASBMR) mean
American Society for Bone Mineral Research
what examples of non weight-bearing activity has no effect on bone growth
swimming and cycling
how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton
126
how many pectoral girdles are there
4
how many bones does the upper limbs have
60
how many bones are there pelvic girdle
2
how many bones are there in the lower bones
60
Their functions are to make
locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of locomotion, digestion, excretion,
and reproduction.
Appendicular skeleton
the perctoral girdles, upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic girdle
what are the five bones are there in axial skeleton diagram
skull
ossicles (inner ear)
hyoid bone
vertebral column
rib cage
what bones are there in the appendicular skeleton diagram
shoulder girdle
arm
hand
pelvic girdle
leg
foot
consists of the striated (skeletal) and the unstriated (smooth) muscles
muscular system
main function is to cause movement by contraction.
muscular system
the
musculature of the human body is essential to movement.
muscular system
three distinct types of muscles:
skeletal muscles
cardiac muscles
smooth muscles
gives shape to the body and are essential in performing
physical movements.
Skeletal muscles
They account for
about 40 percent of body weight.
Skeletal muscles
They work in pairs, while one contracts, its counterpart extends.They work in pairs, while one contracts, its counterpart extends.
Skeletal muscles
Muscles that bend a limb at the
joint are called
flexors
flexors that
straighten a limb are called
extensors
are special type of
striated tissue that forms the walls
of the heart.
Cardiac muscle
located in such
places as the intestines and blood
vessels.
Smooth muscles
controlled directly by
the autonomic nervous system and
are involuntary
Smooth muscles
the movement that
are incapable of being moved by
conscious thought
involuntary
provide strength, balance, posture,
movement and heat for the body to keep
warm.
Muscles
are also responsible for
moving bones, pumping blood, moving food
through the digestive system and controlling
air movement in and out of your lungs.
Muscles
are made up of
smaller fiber called myofibrils.
muscle fibers
muscle fibers are made up of
smaller fiber called
myofibrils.
The thick
filaments are made up of the protein called?
myosin
thin filaments are made up of protein called?
actin
Myofibrils are divided into sections
called
sarcomeres
Muscle tissue has four main properties:
Excitability
Contractibility
Extensibility
Elasticity
(ability to respond to stimuli),
Excitability
(ability to contract)
Contractibility
(ability of a muscle to be stretched
without tearing)
Extensibility
(ability to return to its normal shape)
Elasticity
the muscular system performs three important functions which are:
Motion
Heat production
Maintenance of posture
what is used in the principle which the
musculoskeletal system adopts and which we must examine.
levers
what function of the muscular system is this
To understand how the muscles combine with the skeleton in providing motion we must
look at the basic mechanics of movement. The main framework of the body is covered
by muscle, whose function is to permit movement. We know that to move or lift a load
against another force, it is easier to use levers, and it is this principle which the
musculoskeletal system adopts and which we must examine.
Motion
Muscle contractions produce heat and as much as —–% of body heat is produced by energy produced in muscle tissue.
70%
is an essential element in temperature control
during exercise, taking heat from the body core and working muscles and redirecting it to the skin when the body is overheating.
Blood
what involuntary manner increasing muscle activity to generate heat.
(shivering)
what muscular sytem function is this?
Muscle contractions produce heat and as much as 70% of body heat is produced by
energy produced in muscle tissue. Blood is an essential element in temperature control
during exercise, taking heat from the body core and working muscles and redirecting it
to the skin when the body is overheating. When the internal heat of the body reaches
too low a level thermo receptors in the skin relay a message to the hypothalamus in the
brain. In response to this signal, the skeletal muscles contract and relax in an
involuntary manner (shivering) increasing muscle activity to generate heat. In turn,
muscles are also responsive to exterior heat - cold air increases muscle tone, and hot
conditions have a relaxing effect on muscles.
heat production
monitor the tension and length of the muscles and
provide the nervous system with crucial information about the position of the body parts, therefore enabling posture to be maintained.
Sensory receptors in the muscles
The connecting tendon closest to the body or head is called
proximal
this is termed the origin of the muscle
proximal attachment
is called the insertion
distal attachment
During ——, the origin remains
stationary and the insertion moves.
contraction
The force producing the bending is always exerted as a pull by
contraction
Muscles cannot actively
push
this group stretches, exerting an
opposing pull, ready to reverse the direction of movement
antagonistic group
contracting unit is the
muscle fiber
Muscle fibers consist of two main protein
strands which are
actin and myosin
strands overlap, the fiber appears
dark
when strands do not overlap the fiber appears
light
The trigger which starts
contraction comes from the
motor nerve attached to each muscle fiber
where is this motor nerved attached to each muscle fiber attached at?
motor end plate
