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PATHFIT > MAKE-UP OF THE HUMAN BODY > Flashcards

MAKE-UP OF THE HUMAN BODY Flashcards

1
Q

is an arrangement of organs closely allied to each other and concerned with the same functions.

A

System

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2
Q

is made up of organs which in turn are made up of cells.

A

system

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3
Q

is the biological basis of life.

A

cell

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4
Q

consists of bones of the body and the connective tissues that bind
them.

A

skeletal system

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5
Q

3 functions of skeletal muscle tissues

A

support, protection, and motion.

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6
Q

Movement is made
possible by the joints which are basically of two kinds:

A

ball and socket joints, and hinge
joints.

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7
Q

those of the shoulder and hip.

A

ball and socket joints

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8
Q

movements made possible are rotation, circling and twisting.

A

ball and socket joints

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9
Q

are those
of the elbow, knee, or finger.

A

hinge joints

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10
Q

The movements made possible are stretching and bending.

A

hinge joints

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11
Q

what the movements made possible of hinge joints

A

stretching and
bending.

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12
Q

what are the
movements made possible with ball and socket joints

A

rotation, circling and twisting.

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13
Q

The skeleton serves 6 major functions.

A

Support
Movement
Protection
Blood cell production
Storage
Endocrine regulation

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14
Q

provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape.

A

skeleton

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15
Q

provide a floor for the pelvic
structures.

A

pelvis and associated ligaments

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16
Q

Without the ribs, costal cartilages, and the intercostal muscles the heart

A

would collapse.

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17
Q

this joint allows a greater range of
movement than the pivot joint at the neck.

A

ball and socket joint

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18
Q

3 parts of the body provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system.

A

Muscles, bones, and joints

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19
Q

Muscles, bones, and joints
provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the

A

nervous system.

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20
Q

8 vital organs

A

skull
vertebrae
rib cage
clavicle
illium
patella
carpals

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21
Q

protects the brain, the eyes and the middle inner ears

A

skull

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22
Q

what does the skull protect

A

brain, eyes, middle and inner ears

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23
Q

it protects the spinal cord

A

vertebrae

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24
Q

what does vertebrae protect

A

spinal cord

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25
Q

these three protects the lungs hear and mojor blood vessels

A

rib cage, spine, and sternum

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26
Q

what does the rib cage spine, and the sternum protect

A

lungs
heart
major blood vessels

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27
Q

they protect the shoulder

A

clavicle and scapula

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28
Q

what doe sthe clavicle and scapula protect

A

shoulder

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29
Q

they protect the digestive and urogenital systems and the hip

A

illium and spine

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30
Q

what does the illium and spine protect

A

digestive system
urogenital system
hip

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31
Q

protects the knee and the elbow

A

patella and ulna

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32
Q

what protects knee

A

patella

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33
Q

what does patella protect

A

knee

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34
Q

what does ulna protect

A

elbow

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35
Q

what protects the elbow

A

ulna

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36
Q

what protects the wrist

A

carpals

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37
Q

what does carpals protect?

A

wrist

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38
Q

what protects the ankles

A

tarsals

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39
Q

what does the tarsals protect

A

ankle

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40
Q

is the site of haematopoiesis,

A

skeleton

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41
Q

haematopoiesis, which takes place in

A

yellow bone marrow.

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42
Q

what takes place yellow bone marrow

A

haematopoiesis

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43
Q

is found in the center of long bones

A

marrow

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44
Q

can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism,

A

Bone matrix

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45
Q

Bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in

A

calcium metabolism

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46
Q

can store iron in ferritin and is involved in iron metabolism.

A

bone marrow

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47
Q

bone marrow
can store iron in ferritin and is involved in

A

iron metabolism

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48
Q

bones are not
entirely made of

A

calcium

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49
Q

bones are amixture of —- and —-

A

chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite,

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50
Q

makes up 70% of a bone.

A

hydroxyapatite

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51
Q

release a hormone called osteocalcin,

A

bone cells

52
Q

Bone cells release a hormone called

A

osteocalcin

53
Q

contributes to the regulation of
blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition.

A

osteocalcin

54
Q

osteocalcin contributes to the regulation of — and —-

A

blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition.

55
Q

increases both the insulin
secretion and sensitivity

A

Osteocalcin

56
Q

The skeleton is divided into 2

A

axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

57
Q

includes the bones of the skull, the hyoid bone, the bones of the middle ear, the vertebral column, and the bony thorax.

A

axial skeleton

58
Q

includes the bones of the extremities and the bones of the
hip and shoulder girdles.

A

appendicular skeleton

59
Q

appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the extremities and the bones of the — and —-

A

hip and shoulder girdles.

60
Q

what bones are there in the axial skeleton

A

vertebral column
rib cage
skull

61
Q

how many bone are formed by the Vertebral column

A

80 bones

62
Q

how many bones are there in the vertebral column?

A

26

63
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there

A

12

64
Q

how many bone are there in the skull

A

22 bones and 7 assoc bones

65
Q

transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints

A

axial skeleton

66
Q

axial skeleton transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the

A

hip joints

67
Q

therefore responsible for the
upright position of the human body

A

Axial skeleton

68
Q

what causes the spine appear curved

A

erectors spinae muscles and a large amount of ligaments

69
Q

how many skeletal muscles are there

A

366

70
Q

what cavity/bone responsible for breathing

A

thoracic cage

71
Q

demonstrates that weight-
bearing exercise stimulates bone growth.

A

American Society for Bone Mineral Research (ASBMR)

72
Q

what does (ASBMR) mean

A

American Society for Bone Mineral Research

73
Q

what examples of non weight-bearing activity has no effect on bone growth

A

swimming and cycling

74
Q

how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

75
Q

how many pectoral girdles are there

A

4

76
Q

how many bones does the upper limbs have

A

60

77
Q

how many bones are there pelvic girdle

A

2

78
Q

how many bones are there in the lower bones

A

60

79
Q

Their functions are to make
locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of locomotion, digestion, excretion,
and reproduction.

A

Appendicular skeleton

the perctoral girdles, upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic girdle

80
Q

what are the five bones are there in axial skeleton diagram

A

skull
ossicles (inner ear)
hyoid bone
vertebral column
rib cage

81
Q

what bones are there in the appendicular skeleton diagram

A

shoulder girdle
arm
hand
pelvic girdle
leg
foot

82
Q

consists of the striated (skeletal) and the unstriated (smooth) muscles

A

muscular system

83
Q

main function is to cause movement by contraction.

A

muscular system

84
Q

the
musculature of the human body is essential to movement.

A

muscular system

85
Q

three distinct types of muscles:

A

skeletal muscles
cardiac muscles
smooth muscles

86
Q

gives shape to the body and are essential in performing
physical movements.

A

Skeletal muscles

87
Q

They account for
about 40 percent of body weight.

A

Skeletal muscles

88
Q

They work in pairs, while one contracts, its counterpart extends.They work in pairs, while one contracts, its counterpart extends.

A

Skeletal muscles

89
Q

Muscles that bend a limb at the
joint are called

A

flexors

90
Q

flexors that
straighten a limb are called

A

extensors

91
Q

are special type of
striated tissue that forms the walls
of the heart.

A

Cardiac muscle

92
Q

located in such
places as the intestines and blood
vessels.

A

Smooth muscles

93
Q

controlled directly by
the autonomic nervous system and
are involuntary

A

Smooth muscles

94
Q

the movement that
are incapable of being moved by
conscious thought

A

involuntary

95
Q

provide strength, balance, posture,
movement and heat for the body to keep
warm.

A

Muscles

96
Q

are also responsible for
moving bones, pumping blood, moving food
through the digestive system and controlling
air movement in and out of your lungs.

A

Muscles

97
Q

are made up of
smaller fiber called myofibrils.

A

muscle fibers

98
Q

muscle fibers are made up of
smaller fiber called

A

myofibrils.

99
Q

The thick
filaments are made up of the protein called?

A

myosin

100
Q

thin filaments are made up of protein called?

A

actin

101
Q

Myofibrils are divided into sections
called

A

sarcomeres

102
Q

Muscle tissue has four main properties:

A

Excitability
Contractibility
Extensibility
Elasticity

103
Q

(ability to respond to stimuli),

A

Excitability

104
Q

(ability to contract)

A

Contractibility

105
Q

(ability of a muscle to be stretched
without tearing)

A

Extensibility

106
Q

(ability to return to its normal shape)

A

Elasticity

107
Q

the muscular system performs three important functions which are:

A

Motion
Heat production
Maintenance of posture

108
Q

what is used in the principle which the
musculoskeletal system adopts and which we must examine.

A

levers

109
Q

what function of the muscular system is this

To understand how the muscles combine with the skeleton in providing motion we must
look at the basic mechanics of movement. The main framework of the body is covered
by muscle, whose function is to permit movement. We know that to move or lift a load
against another force, it is easier to use levers, and it is this principle which the
musculoskeletal system adopts and which we must examine.

A

Motion

110
Q

Muscle contractions produce heat and as much as —–% of body heat is produced by energy produced in muscle tissue.

A

70%

111
Q

is an essential element in temperature control
during exercise, taking heat from the body core and working muscles and redirecting it to the skin when the body is overheating.

A

Blood

112
Q

what involuntary manner increasing muscle activity to generate heat.

A

(shivering)

113
Q

what muscular sytem function is this?

Muscle contractions produce heat and as much as 70% of body heat is produced by
energy produced in muscle tissue. Blood is an essential element in temperature control
during exercise, taking heat from the body core and working muscles and redirecting it
to the skin when the body is overheating. When the internal heat of the body reaches
too low a level thermo receptors in the skin relay a message to the hypothalamus in the
brain. In response to this signal, the skeletal muscles contract and relax in an
involuntary manner (shivering) increasing muscle activity to generate heat. In turn,
muscles are also responsive to exterior heat - cold air increases muscle tone, and hot
conditions have a relaxing effect on muscles.

A

heat production

114
Q

monitor the tension and length of the muscles and
provide the nervous system with crucial information about the position of the body parts, therefore enabling posture to be maintained.

A

Sensory receptors in the muscles

115
Q

The connecting tendon closest to the body or head is called

A

proximal

116
Q

this is termed the origin of the muscle

A

proximal attachment

117
Q

is called the insertion

A

distal attachment

118
Q

During ——, the origin remains
stationary and the insertion moves.

A

contraction

119
Q

The force producing the bending is always exerted as a pull by

A

contraction

120
Q

Muscles cannot actively

A

push

121
Q

this group stretches, exerting an
opposing pull, ready to reverse the direction of movement

A

antagonistic group

122
Q

contracting unit is the

A

muscle fiber

123
Q

Muscle fibers consist of two main protein
strands which are

A

actin and myosin

124
Q

strands overlap, the fiber appears

A

dark

125
Q

when strands do not overlap the fiber appears

A

light

126
Q

The trigger which starts
contraction comes from the

A

motor nerve attached to each muscle fiber

127
Q

where is this motor nerved attached to each muscle fiber attached at?

A

motor end plate

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