Make It Stick - Collection

Question 1

Learning is deeper and more durable when it is . . .

Answer 1

effortful.Learning that is easy is like writing in sand,

Question 2

Retrieval strengthens memory and _____ forgetting.

Answer 2

interrupts

Question 3

All new learning requires a . . .

Answer 3

foundation of prior knowledge.

Question 4

Elaboration

Answer 4

The process of giving new material meaning by expressing it in your own words and connecting it with what you already know.The more you can explain about the way your new learning relates to your prior knowledge, the stronger your grasp of the new learning will be, and the more connections you create that will help you remember it later.

Question 5

What is the value of mistakes in learning?

Answer 5

Making mistakes and correcting them builds the bridges to advanced learning.

Question 6

Should learning be easy?

Answer 6

No. When learning is harder, it’s stronger and lasts longer.

Question 7

Is memorizing material worthwhile?

Answer 7

Yes! Memorizing facts is like stocking a construction site with the supplies to put up a house.

Question 8

What does mastery require?

Answer 8

Mastery requires both the possession of knowledge and the conceptual understanding of how to use it.

Question 9

What is the best way to study?

Answer 9

Self-quizzing; retrieving knowledge and skill from memory.

Question 10

What questions does a learner ask him or herself when he or she is using retrieval practice to study (without looking at the book)?

Answer 10

1. What are the key ideas?2. What terms or ideas are new to me?3. How would I define them?4. How do the ideas related to what I already know?

Question 11

What is spaced practice?

Answer 11

Spaced practice means studying information more than once but leaving considerable time between practice sessions.

Question 12

What is interleaving?

Answer 12

A baseball player who practices batting by swinging at fifteen fastballs,, then fifteen curveballs, and then at fifteen change-ups will perform better in practice than the player who mixes it up. But the player who asks for random pitches during practice builds his ability to decipher and respond to each pitch as it comes his way and he becomes the better hitter.

Question 13

What is elaboration?

Answer 13

Elaboration is the pro̤ess of finding additional layers of meaning in new material.

Question 14

Part of the brain appears to be substantially determined by genes. Which part?

Answer 14

Gross structure and architecture.

Question 15

Part of the brain appears to be substantially shaped by experience and to be capable of significant modification. Which part?

Answer 15

Fine structure and neural networks.

Question 16

What is gray matter?

Answer 16

Neural cell bodies.

Question 17

What is white matter?

Answer 17

The wiring between neural cell bodies: the axons and the waxy myelin sheaths in which some axons are wrapped.

Question 18

What is neuroplasticity?

Answer 18

The ability of the brain to change, to learn, and to improve.

Question 19

In terms of the brain, what is the difference between a conscious action and a habitual action?

Answer 19

The neural circuits we use to take those two actions are no the same.

Question 20

What are performance goals?

Answer 20

Goals whose point is to validate your ability.

Question 21

What are learning goals?

Answer 21

Goals whose point is to acquire new knowledge or skills.

Question 22

What name is most prominently associated with the idea of “dynamic testing”?

Answer 22

Robert Sternberg

Question 23

What are the three elements of dynamic testing?

Answer 23

1. Determine the state of one’s expertise. A test of some kind - perhaps an experience or an exam - shows me where I come up short in knowledge or a skill.2. Refocus learning on areas of low performance. I dedicate myself to becoming more competent using reflection, practice, spacing, and other aspects of effective learning.3. Follow up with testing to measure the improvement and to keep raising performance. I test myself again, paying attention to what works better now but also to where I still need to improve.

Question 24

What are the three steps of learning?

Answer 24

Encoding, Consolidation, Retrieval

Question 25

What is encoding?

Answer 25

Getting information into short-term memory.

Question 26

What is consolidation?

Answer 26

Reorganization and stabilization of memory traces to given them meaning and to make connections to prior knowledge.

Question 27

What is retrieval?

Answer 27

Recalling information.

Question 28

What do learners fail to see when they use spaced, interleaved, and varied practice?

Answer 28

Learners feel the increased effort but not the benefits that the effort produces. Learning feels slower from this kind of practice, and you don’t get the rapid improvements you may be used to.

Question 29

Why is spaced practice more effective than massed practice?

Answer 29

Embedding new learning in long-term memory requires a process of consolidation, in which memory traces are strengthened, given meaning, and connectrd to prior knowledge.

Question 30

What is the familiarity trap?

Answer 30

The feeling that you know something and no longer need to practice it.

Question 31

What is interleaving?

Answer 31

Mixing up the kinds of material you practice in a session. So, rather than study all of your vocabulary before moving to verb conjugations, and after that to uses of the subjunctive, (AAA, BBB, CCC) interleaved practice mixes things up. (ABC, BCA, CBA, BAC, etc)

Question 32

Why is pitting the learning of basic knowledge against creative thinking a false choice?

Answer 32

Because the stronger one’s knowledge about the subject at hand, the more nuanced one’s creativity can be in addressing a new problem in that subject.

Question 33

What is the testing effect?

Answer 33

Practice at retrieving new knowledge or skill from memory is a potent tool for learning and durable retention. This is true for anything the brain is asked to remember and call up again in the future - facts, complex concepts. problem-solving techniques, motor skills.

Question 34

When the mind has to work, learning _____ better.

Answer 34

sticks

Question 35

Learning is deeper and more durable when it is . . .

Answer 35

effortful.Learning that is easy is like writing in sand,

Question 36

Retrieval strengthens memory and _____ forgetting.

Answer 36

interrupts

Question 37

All new learning requires a . . .

Answer 37

foundation of prior knowledge.

Question 38

Elaboration

Answer 38

The process of giving new material meaning by expressing it in your own words and connecting it with what you already know.The more you can explain about the way your new learning relates to your prior knowledge, the stronger your grasp of the new learning will be, and the more connections you create that will help you remember it later.

Question 39

What is the value of mistakes in learning?

Answer 39

Making mistakes and correcting them builds the bridges to advanced learning.

Question 40

Should learning be easy?

Answer 40

No. When learning is harder, it’s stronger and lasts longer.

Question 41

Is memorizing material worthwhile?

Answer 41

Yes! Memorizing facts is like stocking a construction site with the supplies to put up a house.

Question 42

What does mastery require?

Answer 42

Mastery requires both the possession of knowledge and the conceptual understanding of how to use it.