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History and foundations of psychology > major players > Flashcards

major players Flashcards

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1
Q

Titchnener

A

•when: 1867-1927 structuralism & experimental psychology
•why famous:
_influenced by empiricism and associationism
_defended introspection as the main research method - thought participants needed to be trained to do this properly
_not very influential, 3 main criticisms
(1) wurzburg school and binet - humans are not aware of many thought processes and cannot report them
(2) functionalism - not enough practical advantages in knowing the precise structure of the mind
(3) Gestalt psychology - humans are more than sum of individual sensations (interpretation is important as well)
•connection to other major players:
_studied with Wundt

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2
Q

Freud

A

•when: 1856-1939 psychoanalysis
•why famous:
_psychological treatment to his patients (talking cure)
_people’s actions are controlled on their unconscious
_use of medical cases as research methods - evidence derived by introspection of patients interpreted by therapist
•connection to other major players:

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3
Q

Erikson

A

•when: 1902-1994 psychoanalysis
•why famous:
_invented term identity crisis
_contributed to our understanding of personality as it is developed and shaped over the life
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Freud (worked with his daughter)

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4
Q

Galileo

A

•when: 1564-1642 - scientific revolution
•why famous:
_astronomy: heliocentric model and improved the telescope
_promoted Copernican view of the organization of the universe
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by copernicus

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5
Q

Kepler

A 
•when: 1571-1594 scientific revolution 
•why famous: 
_heliocentric model (ellipses)
•connection to other major players:
_Influenced by Copernicus 
_Opposed to Galileo (orbits)
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6
Q

Cattell

A 
•when: 1860-1944 evolution theory 
•why famous: 
_experimental technique and methology
_conducted research on intelligence
_Influenced by eugenics
•connection to other major players:
_Darwin
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7
Q

Darwin

A 
•when: 1809-1882 evolution theory 
•why famous: 
_natural selection
_survival of the fittest
_book - origins of species 
_importance of cross-fertilization
_development of evolutionary theory 
_description of new species
_focuses on similarities human-animals
_importance of heredity
_theory on how life adapts to changing situations
•connection to other major players:
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8
Q

Wundt

A

•when: 1832-1920 experimental psychology
•why famous:
_physiological psychology
_founded first experimental psychology lab
_mainly promoted EXPERIMENTAL METHODS (reaction time measurements, psycho-physics, memory performance)
_stressed importance of INTROSPECTION for the study of higher mental processes
_historical method - research method consisting in studying the human mind by investigating the products of human cultures, according to Wundt particularly well suited to investigate the “higher” functions of the mind
_limited scientific legacy (his writings were not clear and contradicting each other)
•connection to other major players:

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9
Q

Thorndike

A

•when: 1874-1949 comparative/educational psychology & experimental psychology
•why famous:
_father of comparative psychology - study animal psychology in an objective way and educational psychology - studied educational issues
_introduced terms “instrumental (operant) conditioning” and “law of effect”
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Darwin’s ideas
_elaborates the anthropomorphic interpretation - same reasoning in animals and humans

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10
Q

Watson

A 
•when: 1878-1958 behaviorism 
•why famous: 
_father of behaviorism
_animal psychology
_applied classical conditioning to little Albert
•connection to other major players:
_Influenced by Thorndike & Pavlov 
_influenced Hull, Skinner and Tolman (agreed on the method but had different views about stimuli-responses relationship
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11
Q

Beeckman

A 
•when: 1588-1637 mind-body problem
•why famous:
_matter is composed of atoms 
_describe inertia correctly  
•connection to other major players:
_(might) influenced Descartes - mechanical theory
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12
Q

Descartes

A

•when: 1596-1650 (rationalism & dualism/mind-body problem)
•why famous:
_mechanistic world view - everything in the material universe can be understood in terms of a complicated machine , things DO NOT have goals and intentions as assumed by the ANIMISTIC view
_body can be studied scientifically
_importance of deductive reasoning
_cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am)
_neuroscience contribution: idea of automatic, reflexive reactions that did not involve the will
•connection to other major players:

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13
Q

Bruno

A

•when: 1548-1600 scientific revolution
•why famous:
_He is known for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended the then-novel Copernican model
_Bruno anticipates some of the arguments of Galilei on the relativity principle
•connection to other major players:
_Influenced by Copernicus
_Contemporary to Galilei

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14
Q

Socrates

A

•when: 470-399 BCE - rationalism
•why famous:
_against writing -> books prevent student from learning for real
_scholastic method -> no critical thinking in studying
•connection to other major players:

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15
Q

Plato

A 
•when: 427-348 BCE - rationalism 
•why famous: 
_realm of ideal forms (we perceive nothing other than shadows of the objects - cave analogy) 
_soul and body are separated -> soul true essence
_knowledge through reasoning rather than perception (main important subjects need reasoning - mathematics and geometry)
_soul has three parts 
(1) reason - brain
(2) sensation/emotion - heart
(3) appetite/lower passions - liver 
•connection to other major players:
_student of Socrates
_influenced Descartes
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16
Q

Aristotle

A

•when: 384-322 BCE - rationalism (gets famous in Renaissance)
•why famous:
_3 types of knowledge
(1) productive - make stuff
(2) practical - how to make stuff, action
(3) theoretical - truth (math, natural science, theology) - composed by axioms from which knowledge was derived by reasoning (OBSERVATION & INTUITION)
_universe composed by
-> sub-lunar region - earth to moon
->super-lunar region - mood to end of universe
_syllogism - Aristotelian logic , argument consisting of three propositions (major premise + minor premise + conclusion = valid/invalid conclusion)
_organum (book)
_correspondence theory of truth - statement is true when it corresponds with reality, assumes that there is a physical reality which has priority and which the human mind tries to understand
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by plato (knowledge less based on reason, for Aristotle there is also space for observation)

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17
Q

Hobbes

A

•when: 1588-1679 classical realism - empiricism
•why famous:
_considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy
_ influential formulation of social contract theory
•connection to other major players:
_descartes
_beckman
_hume
_locke

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18
Q

Hume

A 
•when: 1711-1776 - Idealism
•why famous: 
supports the idea that in its extreme form empiricism leads to idealism (human knowledge is a construction of the mind, which need not correspond to an outside world)
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Berkeley
influenced many people:
_Kant
_Wolff
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19
Q

Fechner

A 
•when: 1801-1887 experimental psychology
•why famous: 
_founder of psychophysic
_credited with demonstrating the non-linear relationship between psychological sensation and the physical intensity of a stimulus, which became known as the Weber–Fechner law
•connection to other major players:
influenced by:
_Wundt
_Freud
_Weber
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20
Q

Gall

A

•when: 1758-1828 development of neuroscience
•why famous:
_phrenology
•connection to other major players:

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21
Q

Weber

A

•when: 1795-1878 experimental psychology
•why famous:
considered one of the founders of experimental psychology
_studies on sensation and touch, along with his emphasis on good experimental techniques
•connection to other major players:
_Fechner (Weber’s law)

22
Q

Hamilton

A 
•when: 1936-2000 evolution theory 
•why famous: 
_inclusive fitness theory
_Hamilton became famous through his theoretical work expounding a rigorous genetic basis for the existence of altruism, an insight that was a key part of the development of a gene-centric view of evolution
_forerunners of sociobiology. 
_published important work on sex ratios and the evolution of sex.
•connection to other major players:
_Influenced by Darwin
23
Q

Galton

A

•when: 1822-1911 positive eugenics & evolution theory
•why famous:
_find evidence for the heredity of animal and human features
_not very successful, but inspired subsequent generations to address the issue of intelligence testing
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Darwin

24
Q

Wallace

A 
•when: 1823-1913 evolution theory 
•why famous: 
evolution theory 
•connection to other major players:
_Contemporary with Darwin
25
Q

Lamarck

A 
•when: 1744-1829 Evolution theory 
•why famous: 
_evolution idea
_dilution problem (principle of use and disuse and principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics)
•connection to other major players:
_Influenced Darwin 
_Cuvier criticizes evolution :(
26
Q

Lyell & Malthus

A 
•when: 1750-1850 (two different people) evolution theory
•why famous: 
_malthus - selection
_Lyell - time
both contributed to evolution theory 
•connection to other major players: 
_Darwin
27
Q

Guthrie

A

•when: 1866-1959 behaviorism
•why famous:
_one trial theory –> theory that all learning was based on a stimulus–response association. This was variously described as one trial theory, non-reinforcement, and contiguity learning. The theory was:
“A combination of stimuli which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement”
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Thorndike

28
Q

Hull

A

•when: 1884-1952 Behaviorism
•why famous:
_sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior
_known for his debates with Edward C. Tolman
_He is also known for his work in drive theory
•connection to other major players:
_Interacted with Tolman

29
Q

Lacan

A

•when: 1901-1981 psychoanalysis, structuralism
•why famous:
_develops controversial psychological theories developed from Freud’s ideas
•connection to other major players:
_Influenced by Freud

30
Q

Adler

A

•when: 1870-1937 psychotherapy
•why famous:
_founder of the school of individual psychology
_plays a key role in personality development
_superiority & inferiority complexes
•connection to other major players:
_Contemporary to Freud

31
Q

Popper

A

•when: 1902-1994 falsification alternative
•why famous:
_science proceeds by TRIAL and ERROR
_science can be falsified and there is willingness to do so- the more falsifiable the better a theory is (falsification is conterintuitive because of people’s confirmation bias)
_falsification instead of verification (logical positivism)
_attended meeting of Vienna circle
_science is theory dirveb . scientists conjecture explanations which they subsequently try to falsify (hypothetico deductive method)
_objections:
1. replacing falsified theories by bold alternatives -> not science
2. modifications are ok if they do not make theory less falsifiable according to popper -> if that’s not the case they’re unacceptable ad-hoc modifications
•connection to other major players:

32
Q

Breuer

A 
•when: 1842-1925 psychotherapy 
•why famous: 
_hysteresis and Anna O.
•connection to other major players:
_Freud
33
Q

Comte

A 
•when: 1798-1857 positivism
•why famous: 
_no psychology
_father of sociology 
_introspection as a scientific method was flawed and claimed that the human mind could only be studied scientifically by focusing on physiology (done by biologists) and on the products of the human mind (done by sociologists)
_there is no clear distinction between observation and idea, between fact and theory. 
•connection to other major players:
_criticized by Ribot 
_influenced by Whewell
34
Q

Bacon

A

•when: 1561- 1626 philosophy of science
•why famous:
_among the first ones to promote the use of OBSERVATION and EXPERIMENTAL histories as the basis of knowledge acquisition, as opposed to reliance on tradition and authority
_novum organum - describe science as opposite to aristotle’s view - perception and reasoning need to interact for progress - limits of reasoning lies on aristotelian axioms. Anyhow perception is biased as well (relies on people’s convictions, senses)
_introduces experimental history
_inductive reasoning
_experimental history - Method introduced by Bacon in which the natural philosopher extracts the truth from nature by active manipulation and examining the consequences of intervention - needs to be used as observation is limited
_systematic observation is very important
•connection to other major players:
_opposes to Aristotle

35
Q

Kuhn

A

•when: 1922-1996 philosophy of science
•why famous:
_discipline needs a general theory to become scientific (otherwise it is a pre-science)
_cycle of periods of normal science followed by scientific revolution is never-ending
_all scientific knowledge is relative and time dependent - it is based on a paradigm that is bound to be replaced in the future
_science is a social activity
_established science goes through a cycle of normal science (crisis-> revolution-> normal science)
_during a revolution, a paradigm shift takes place
_because scientific research depends on a paradigm that will change in the future, scientific findings are RELATIVE
•connection to other major players:
_influenced Postmodernists

36
Q

Peirce

A

•when: 1839-1914 pragmatism - philosophy of science
•why famous:
_founder of pragmatism
_maintained that only knowledge of practical value to cope with the world was true
_neglected for most of the 1900 because pragmatism didn’t make a distinction between scientific and non.scientific knowledge
•connection to other major players:
_founder of pragmatism together with James and Dewey

37
Q

Whewell

A 
•when: 1794-1866 philosophy of science
•why famous: 
_coined the word scientist (1833)
_there is no clear distinction between observation and idea, between fact and theory. 
_theories affect observations
_hypotheses were possibly wrong conjectures 
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Comte
38
Q

Wiener Kreis

A

•when: 1924-1936 vienna circle (it’s not a person) - philosophy of science
•why famous:
_group of philosophers and scientists who tried to define the essence of the scientific method
_known as the proponents of logical positivism
•connection to other major players:

39
Q

Newton

A

•when: 1647- 1727 natural philosophy
•why famous:
_principia mathematica - laws of physics
_all scientific knowledge can be summarized in scientific laws
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Galileo

40
Q

Pyrrho

A

•when: 360-275 BC Scepticism
•why famous:
_father of pyrrhonism
•connection to other major players:

41
Q

Kant

A

•when: 1724-1804 Kantianism, Enlightenment, Idealism & Empirical realism
•why famous:
_reconcile rationalism and empiricism by arguing that the mind imposes structure on the incoming sensory experiences and that it requires a coherent and constant input to make sense of the input
_psychology could not be a proper natural science, because the act of introspection changed the state of the mind, inner observations could not be separated and recombined at will, and could not be formulated in mathematical laws
•connection to other major players:
_Elaborates his view based on Berkeley and Hume
_Influenced by Descartes
_Influenced by Aristotle
_Influenced by Plato

42
Q

Wolff

A 
•when: 1679-1754
•why famous: 
made a distinction between rational psychology (based on axioms and deductions) and empirical psychology (based on introspection) 
•connection to other major players:
influenced by 
_Berkeley & Hume
_Kant
43
Q

Wolff

A

•when: 1679-1754 rational & empirical psychology
•why famous:
made a distinction between rational psychology (based on axioms and deductions) and empirical psychology (based on introspection)
•connection to other major players:
influenced by
_Berkeley & Hume
_Kant

44
Q

James

A

•when: 1842-1910 functionalism and pragmatism
•why famous:
_influential in the US for psychology
_introspection as the best available research method
_influenced by evolutionary theory
_saw continuity between animal behavior and human behavior and, therefore, was receptive to comparative psychology (helped Thorndike)
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Darwin
_Thorndike

45
Q

Binet

A

•when: 1857-1911 psychology & intelligence
•why famous:
_developed first valid intelligence test
_first tried to measure intelligence on the basis of psychophyssical measures and measures of the skull (phrenology) -> then use of meaningful questions that did not involve too much on school knowledge
_test had different difficulties
•connection to other major players:
_Piaget

46
Q

Pavlov

A 
•when: 1849-1936 	Physiology 
•why famous: 
_classical conditioning 
•connection to other major players:
_influenced by Darwin's ideas
_influenced behaviorism (Watson)
47
Q

Tolman

A 
•when: 1886-1959 purposive behaviorism 
•why famous: 
_purposive behaviorism - behavior as goal-related (means to an end) - psychology should be based on observable behavior
•connection to other major players:
_Watson
48
Q

Galen

A

•when: 130-200
•why famous:
_primacy of brain for sensation and movement
_located soul in the solid parts of the brain and animal spirits in the ventricles - animal spirits travelled to the body via the nerves
_medicine knowledge
•connection to other major players:

49
Q

Galen

A

•when: 130-200 basis of neuroscience
•why famous:
_primacy of brain for sensation and movement
_located soul in the solid parts of the brain and animal spirits in the ventricles - animal spirits travelled to the body via the nerves
_medicine knowledge
•connection to other major players:

50
Q

Hall

A

•when: 1790-1857 basis of neuroscience
•why famous:
_reflex arc (efferent vs afferent pathway discovery)
•connection to other major players:

History and foundations of psychology (2 decks)

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