historic movements Flashcards
rationalism
•definition: truth is based on thinking, not on the information from the senses; humans have an innate knowledge that can be recovered through deductive reasoning. Furthermore, knowledge is obtained by means of reasoning. Opposes to Empiricism •year: •major players: _socrates _plato _descartes
empiricism
•definition: knowledge is obtained by means of perceptual experiences, usually involves the idea of associations between ideas to combine the the individual perceptions, also emphasis on inductive reasoning. Opposes to Rationalism •year: 1600 •major players: _(precursor) Bacon _Locke (father) _Berkeley _Hume
scientific revolution
•definition: series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
changes:
_demographic changes
_no pressure from church or authority
_new inventions (clock, compass, telescope, printing
_existence of universities
_enrichment from Greek/Arab civilizations
it lasted because
_absence of disaster
_no religious pressure
_more universities established learned societies
•year: 1543 (copernicus publication) •major players: _bruno _copernicus _galileo _kepler
mind-body problem
•definition: issue on how the mind is related to the brain, three main views
1. dualism (mind and brain are two independent entities)
2. materialism (mind is a by-product of the biological workings of the brain)
3. functionalism (mind is realized in the brain, but the info can be copied to another machine with the same structure
•year: 1600
•major players:
_descartes
dualism & monism
•definition: _dualism: mind is immaterial and completely independent of the body (Descartes) •year: 1600 •major players: descartes (dualism)
experimental psychology
•definition: the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific investigation of the responses of individuals to stimuli in controlled situations
Needs:
_empiricism
_testability
_determinism (assumption that any state of an object or event is determined by prior states)
_parsimony (the search for simplicity)
_Operational definition (Tolman & Hull -
implies that a concept be defined in terms of concrete, observable procedures. Experimental psychologists attempt to define currently unobservable phenomena, such as mental events, by connecting them to observations by chains of reasoning)
•year: 1800
•major players:
_Wundt
_Fechner
_Weber
_Würzburg School
_Peirce
enlightenment
- definition: autonomous thinking and observation became advocated as the primary sources of knowledge, rather than reliance on authority
- year: 1700
evolution theory
•definition: Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction _misconceptions -no direction in genetic changes -organisms get better or stronger •year: 1800 •major players: _Darwin _Galton
eugenics
•definition: social philosophy claiming that the fate of a nation can be improved by selective breeding of the inhabitants.
It can be positive/negative
positive: favouring could take the form of facilitating the reproduction of some—those with desirable traits
negative:it could take the form of inhibiting the reproduction of others—those with undesirable traits.
•year: 1883
•major players:
_influenced by Darwin’s ideas
_Galton
behaviorism
•definition: movement in psychology arguing that observable behaviors are the most important aspect of human functioning to be understood, denies to various extents the relevance of information processing going on in the mind, particularly strong in the USA in the first half of 1900 •year: 1913 (behaviorist manifesto) •major players: _influenced by Pavlov _Watson (father) _Hull _Skinner _Tolman
introspection
- definition: Introspection is the examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings. In psychology, the process of introspection relies exclusively on observation of one’s mental state
- major players:
support: _Titchnener _Freud _Wundt _Wolff _James
against:
_Comte
_Kant
inductive reasoning
•definition: form of reasoning in which one starts from observations and tries to reach general conclusions on the basis of convergences in the observations; is needed in science to turn observed phenomena into scientific laws, but does not guarantee that the conclusions are true
_conclusion drawn from a series of convergent observations
_conclusions are not necessarily true
_used to:
1.generalize from a limited number of observations to a general conclusion
2. to detect correlations between events
3.to make causal inferences
4. to bring order to our many expreiences by noticing SIMILARITIES and CORRELATIONS between events in daily life
5. work out explanations for observed phenomena in science
•important for:
empiricism
•major players:
_bacon
_Locke
_Berkeley
_Hume
_Kant
deductive reasoning
•definition: form of reasoning in which one starts from a number of indisputable premises from which new, true conclusions can be drawn if the rules of logic are followed
_used in science to formulate hypotheses on the basis of existing theories , so that theories can be tested
_syllogisms (aristotle)
•important for:
_rationalism: humans have an innate knowledge that can be recovered through deductive reasoning - reality can be known by reasoning from innate knowledge (plato and descartes)
•major players:
_plato
_aristotle
_descartes
_Galilei & Newton convince audience that new way of scientific thinking is close to traditional deductive reasoning
Ancient Egypt contributions
Geometry (archimedes - greek) & calendar
Ancient Mesopotamia contributions
Math & astronomy (Ptolemy- roman - agrees with aristotle)
Ancient Greece contributions
Philosophy
Dark Ages
name given in the Renaissance to the middle Ages, to refer to the lack of independent and scientific thinking in that age
Renaissance
•definition: cultural movement based on a rediscovery and imitation of the classical Greek
_growing interest in behavioral consequences of brain injury and in reflexes
and roman civilizations
•year: 1300-1600
•major players:
_influenced by Galton
biases in history writing
_centered too much on people
_matthew effect (give more credit to well-known scientists than they deserve
_hindsight bias - assume they know more than they actually did
_ethnocentrisim
_zeitgeist - time was right for a certain discovery - discovery didn’t originate from a single genius but from a much wider development leading to the discovery
_history review are summaries of summaries
geocentric vs heliocentric universe
geocentric _aristotle _ptolemy - criticises movement of Aristotelian stars - adds epicycles heliocentric _bruno _copericus _galilei (telescope)