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Physiology > Major Hormones > Flashcards

Major Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the target cells of the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior pituitary

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2
Q

Function: hypothalamus

A

Control release of anterior pituitary hormones

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3
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

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4
Q

What are the target cells of vasopressin?

A

Kidney tubules

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5
Q

Function: vasopressin

A

Increase water reabsorption

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6
Q

What are the target cells of oxytocin?

A

Arterioles, uterus, and mammary glands

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7
Q

Function: oxytocin in arterioles

A

Vasoconstriction

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8
Q

Function: oxytocin in uterus

A

Increase contractility

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9
Q

Function: oxytocin in mammary glands

A

Cause milk ejection

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10
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone; growth hormone; follicle-stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone; and prolactin

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11
Q

Target cells: thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Thyroid follicular cells

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12
Q

Function: thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates T3 and T4 secretion

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13
Q

Target cells: adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

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14
Q

Function: adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Stimulate cortisol release

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15
Q

Target cells: growth hormone

A

Bone, soft tissues, and liver

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16
Q

Function: growth hormone in bones and soft tissues

A

Stimulate growth

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17
Q

Function: growth hormone in liver

A

Stimulate somatomedin secretion

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18
Q

Target cells: follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Females – ovarian follicles; males – seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

Function: follicle-stimulating hormone in females

A

Promote follicular growth and development; stimulate estrogen secretion

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20
Q

Function: follicle-stimulating hormone in males

A

Stimulate sperm production

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21
Q

Target cells: luteinizing hormone

A

Females – ovarian follicle and corpus luteum; males – interstitial cells of Leydig in testes

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22
Q

Function: luteinizing hormone in females

A

Stimulate ovulation, corpus luteum development, and estrogen and progesterone secretion

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23
Q

Function: luteinizing hormone in males

A

Stimulate testosterone secretion

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24
Q

Target cells: prolactin

A

Females – mammary glands; males – uncertain

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25
Q

Function: prolactin in females

A

Promote breast development and stimulate milk secretion

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26
Q

Function: prolactin in males

A

Uncertain

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27
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T3 and T4

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28
Q

What hormone does thyroid gland C cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

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29
Q

Target cells: T3 and T4

A

Most cells

30
Q

Function: T3 and T4

A

Increase metabolic rate (essential for normal growth and nerve development)

31
Q

Target cells: calcitonin

A

Bone

32
Q

Function: calcitonin

A

Decrease plasma calcium concentration

33
Q

What hormone(s) does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones (TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, GHIH, PRH, PIH)

34
Q

What hormone does the Zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Aldosterone

35
Q

Target cells: aldosterone

A

Kidney tubules

36
Q

Function: aldosterone

A

Increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

37
Q

What hormones does the Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis secrete?

A

Cortisol and androgens

38
Q

Target cells: cortisol

A

Most cells

39
Q

Target cells: androgens

A

Females – bone and brain

40
Q

Function: cortisol

A

Increase blood glucose from protein and fat stores and contributes to stress adaptation

41
Q

Function: androgens

A

Responsible for pubertal growth super and sex drive in females

42
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

43
Q

Target cells: epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic receptor sites across the body

44
Q

Function: epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Reinforces SNS, contributes to stress adaptation, and regulates blood pressure

45
Q

What hormones does the endocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin (beta cells), glucagon (alpha cells), and somatostatin (D cells)

46
Q

Target cells: insulin

A

Most cells

47
Q

Function: insulin

A

Promote uptake, use, and storage of absorbed nutrients

48
Q

Target cells: glucagon

A

Most cells

49
Q

Function: glucagon

A

Maintains nutrient levels in blood during postabsorptive state

50
Q

Target cells: somatostatin

A

Digestive system and pancreatic islet cells

51
Q

Function: somatostatin in digestive system

A

Inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients

52
Q

Function: somatostatin in pancreatic islet cells

A

Inhibits secretion of all pancreatic hormones

53
Q

What hormones does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

54
Q

Target cells: parathyroid hormone

A

Bone, kidneys, and intestine

55
Q

Function: parathyroid hormone

A

Increase plasma calcium concentration, decreases plasma phosphate concentration, and stimulates vitamin D activation

56
Q

What hormones does the ovaries secrete?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

57
Q

Target cells: estrogen

A

Female sex organs, the body as a whole and bones

58
Q

Function: estrogen in female sex organs

A

Promote follicular, secondary sexual characteristics, uterine, and breast growth

59
Q

Function: estrogen in bone

A

Promote closure of epiphyseal plate

60
Q

Target cells: progesterone

A

Uterus

61
Q

Function: progesterone

A

Prepare for pregnancy

62
Q

What hormone does the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone

63
Q

Target cells: testosterone

A

Male sex organs, the body as a whole, and bones

64
Q

Function: testosterone in male sex organs

A

Stimulates sperm production and sex drive, and governs development of secondary sexual characteristics

65
Q

Function: testosterone in bone

A

Enhances pubertal growth spurt

66
Q

What hormone is secreted by the ovaries AND testes?

A

Inhibin

67
Q

Target cells: inhibin

A

Anterior pituitary

68
Q

Function: inhibin

A

Inhibits secretion of FSH

69
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

70
Q

Target cells: estrogen and progesterone from placenta

A

Female sex organs

71
Q

Functions: estrogen and progesterone from placenta

A

Maintain pregnancy and prepare breasts for lactation

Physiology (7 decks)

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