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A&P 2 - Endocrine System > Major Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Major Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

the hypothalamus is part of what within the brain

A

diencephalon

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2
Q

the hypothalamus is a bridge between what

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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3
Q

what do the blood vessels and nerve fibers in the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland allow the hypothalamus to do

A

control the activity of the pituitary gland

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4
Q

the portal system uses portal blood vessels to link the hypothalamus and what part of the pituitary gland

A

anterior

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5
Q

the link between the hypothalamus and what part of the pituitary gland is direct

A

posterior

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6
Q

what two hormones are stored by the hypothalamus for the posterior part of the pituitary gland

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin

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7
Q

what is known as the master endocrine gland

A

the pituitary gland

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8
Q

how many separate structures is the pituitary gland made up of

A

two

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9
Q

the rostral (front) portion of the pituitary gland is called what

A

anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

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10
Q

the caudal (rear) portion of the pituitary gland is called what

A

posterior pituitary or the neurohypophysis

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11
Q

how many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce

A

seven

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12
Q

what stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce hormones

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone help prevent

A

diuresis - loss of large quantities of water in urine

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14
Q

ADH does what to urine

A

makes it more concentrated

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15
Q

ADH is released when what detects a water shortage in the body

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

what does a deficiency of ADH cause and what are the side effects

A

diabetes insipidus
polyuria/polydipsia

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17
Q

what are the targets of oxytocin

A

uterus and mammary glands

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18
Q

how does oxytocin aid with the time of breeding and transporting sperm up to the oviducts as well as the birth process

A

induces uterine contractions

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19
Q

which hormone causes milk let down

A

oxytocin

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20
Q

what part of the body being stimulated can cause oxytocin to be released into the blood stream

A

teat or nipple

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21
Q

most of the mass of the pancreas is made up of exocrine glandular tissue that produces important what

A

digestive enzymes

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22
Q

which organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions

A

pancreas

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23
Q

the endocrine portion of the pancreas made up of thousands of what

A

pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans

24
Q

what are the three main endocrine cells of pancreatic islets

A

alpha
beta
delta

25
Q

what do alpha pancreatic islets do

A

produce glucagon

26
Q

what do beta pancreatic islets do

A

produce insulin

27
Q

what do delta pancreatic islets do

A

produce somatostatin

28
Q

which pancreatic hormone inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon as well as diminishes the activity of the GI tract

A

somatostatin

29
Q

what pancreatic hormone causes glucose, amino acids and fatty acids in the bloodstream to be absorbed through cell membranes into body cells and used for energy as well as lowers the level of glucose in the body

A

insulin

30
Q

what pancreatic hormone raises glucose in the body by stimulating liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose as well as stimulating the conversion of fat and protein to glucose

A

glucagon

31
Q

reproductive organs - testes in male and ovaries in female, produce reproductive cells and important hormones

A

gonads

32
Q

why are testes housed in scrotum

A

body temperature is too warm for sperm to survive (can’t be directly against the body)

33
Q

where spermatozoa are produced

A

seminiferous tubules

34
Q

clumps of endocrine cells scattered between the seminiferous tubules, produces the male sex hormones (androgens)

A

interstitial cells

35
Q

what is the principal androgen that interstitial cells produce

A

testosterone

36
Q

Organs that produces the female reproductive cells (ova) and hormones in cycles

A

ovaries

37
Q

what two anterior pituitary hormones control ovarian cycles

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormones (LH)

38
Q

main hormone groups produced in the ovaries

A

estrogens and progestins

39
Q

what are the other two hormones produced in the ovaries

A

relaxin
inhibin (not in book)

40
Q

what hormone is produced in the ovaries late in pregnancy

A

relaxin

41
Q

what hormone is released by the ovaries from the early follicle, fed back to the hypothalamus and stops the release of FSH

A

inhibin

42
Q

why is inhibin an important hormone

A

prevents too many mature follicles (eggs)
ex - dogs have a litter, humans typically don’t have multi births

43
Q

produced when FSH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates follicles to develop in the ovaries

A

estrogens

44
Q

fluid filled structures in which the female reproductive cells develop

A

follicles

45
Q

the cells that make up follicles produce and release the estrogens into where

A

the bloodstream

46
Q

what hormone signals the male that the time for breading is approaching

A

estrogens

47
Q

as an ovarian follicle grows, the amount of estrogen it produces does what

A

grows as well

48
Q

the feedback from estrogens causes the anterior pituitary gland to reduce the product of what and increase the production of what

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)

49
Q

what happens in most animals when the follicle is fully mature and the LH level peaks

A

ovulation

50
Q

what produces several hormones collectively that are called progestins

A

the corpus luteum

51
Q

what is the principal progestin

A

progesterone

52
Q

what does the name progesterone mean

A

pregnancy promoting steroid hormone

53
Q

if the female is bred and becomes pregnant, what does the corpus luteum do with the production of pregnancy supporting steroid hormone

A

continues to be active in the ovary

54
Q

when does the corpus luteum shrink up and disappear

A

when pregnancy does not occur

55
Q

which hormone produced by the ovaries causes ligaments between the bones and surrounding the birth canal to soften and relax in preparation for birth

A

relaxin

A&P 2 - Endocrine System (6 decks)

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