Major Endocrine Glands Flashcards
the hypothalamus is part of what within the brain
diencephalon
the hypothalamus is a bridge between what
nervous system and endocrine system
what do the blood vessels and nerve fibers in the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland allow the hypothalamus to do
control the activity of the pituitary gland
the portal system uses portal blood vessels to link the hypothalamus and what part of the pituitary gland
anterior
the link between the hypothalamus and what part of the pituitary gland is direct
posterior
what two hormones are stored by the hypothalamus for the posterior part of the pituitary gland
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin
what is known as the master endocrine gland
the pituitary gland
how many separate structures is the pituitary gland made up of
two
the rostral (front) portion of the pituitary gland is called what
anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis
the caudal (rear) portion of the pituitary gland is called what
posterior pituitary or the neurohypophysis
how many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce
seven
what stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce hormones
hypothalamus
what does antidiuretic hormone help prevent
diuresis - loss of large quantities of water in urine
ADH does what to urine
makes it more concentrated
ADH is released when what detects a water shortage in the body
hypothalamus
what does a deficiency of ADH cause and what are the side effects
diabetes insipidus
polyuria/polydipsia
what are the targets of oxytocin
uterus and mammary glands
how does oxytocin aid with the time of breeding and transporting sperm up to the oviducts as well as the birth process
induces uterine contractions
which hormone causes milk let down
oxytocin
what part of the body being stimulated can cause oxytocin to be released into the blood stream
teat or nipple
most of the mass of the pancreas is made up of exocrine glandular tissue that produces important what
digestive enzymes
which organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions
pancreas
the endocrine portion of the pancreas made up of thousands of what
pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
what are the three main endocrine cells of pancreatic islets
alpha
beta
delta
what do alpha pancreatic islets do
produce glucagon
what do beta pancreatic islets do
produce insulin
what do delta pancreatic islets do
produce somatostatin
which pancreatic hormone inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon as well as diminishes the activity of the GI tract
somatostatin
what pancreatic hormone causes glucose, amino acids and fatty acids in the bloodstream to be absorbed through cell membranes into body cells and used for energy as well as lowers the level of glucose in the body
insulin
what pancreatic hormone raises glucose in the body by stimulating liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose as well as stimulating the conversion of fat and protein to glucose
glucagon
reproductive organs - testes in male and ovaries in female, produce reproductive cells and important hormones
gonads
why are testes housed in scrotum
body temperature is too warm for sperm to survive (can’t be directly against the body)
where spermatozoa are produced
seminiferous tubules
clumps of endocrine cells scattered between the seminiferous tubules, produces the male sex hormones (androgens)
interstitial cells
what is the principal androgen that interstitial cells produce
testosterone
Organs that produces the female reproductive cells (ova) and hormones in cycles
ovaries
what two anterior pituitary hormones control ovarian cycles
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormones (LH)
main hormone groups produced in the ovaries
estrogens and progestins
what are the other two hormones produced in the ovaries
relaxin
inhibin (not in book)
what hormone is produced in the ovaries late in pregnancy
relaxin
what hormone is released by the ovaries from the early follicle, fed back to the hypothalamus and stops the release of FSH
inhibin
why is inhibin an important hormone
prevents too many mature follicles (eggs)
ex - dogs have a litter, humans typically don’t have multi births
produced when FSH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates follicles to develop in the ovaries
estrogens
fluid filled structures in which the female reproductive cells develop
follicles
the cells that make up follicles produce and release the estrogens into where
the bloodstream
what hormone signals the male that the time for breading is approaching
estrogens
as an ovarian follicle grows, the amount of estrogen it produces does what
grows as well
the feedback from estrogens causes the anterior pituitary gland to reduce the product of what and increase the production of what
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
what happens in most animals when the follicle is fully mature and the LH level peaks
ovulation
what produces several hormones collectively that are called progestins
the corpus luteum
what is the principal progestin
progesterone
what does the name progesterone mean
pregnancy promoting steroid hormone
if the female is bred and becomes pregnant, what does the corpus luteum do with the production of pregnancy supporting steroid hormone
continues to be active in the ovary
when does the corpus luteum shrink up and disappear
when pregnancy does not occur
which hormone produced by the ovaries causes ligaments between the bones and surrounding the birth canal to soften and relax in preparation for birth
relaxin
