Major Depression

Question 1

Neurobiology

Answer 1

Multiple neurotransmitter systems involved

Question 2

Serotonin

Answer 2

social drive, stress response, amygdala, anterior cingulate

Question 3

Sleep architecture

Answer 3

increased REM, decreased slow wave sleep lowers mood

- need deep restorative sleep to clear out toxins

Question 4

Left Frontal Cortex

Answer 4

• Reduced left frontal cortex activity in depression
• positive mood left frontal cortex more active
• negative mood, right gets active and left is quite
• a concussion cause it to slow down, then you become extremely likely to develop clinical depression

Question 5

Dopamine

Answer 5

pleasure/reward center, goal directed activity, initiative, motivation

Question 6

Amygdala

Answer 6

• ground zero for emotion circuits,
• serotonin circuits keep amygdala from getting over heated/overworked
• when anti-d’s mess with this, turn it down. AKA emotional blunting/numbing.
• -> can’t calibrate/predict certain emotions. turn down good feelings too

Question 7

CRH

Answer 7

master protein, regulates neurotransmitter function in the brain, coordinates stress response,

• brain peptide regulating stress response
• to effect a lot of diff circuits in brain at once increase hormones estrogen, testosterone, or CRH, these help brain and transmitter function

Question 8

Hormones (neuroendocrine)

Answer 8

Cortisol - stress hormone, toxic to brain, run away stress response, brain tissue start to die.
BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) is reduced

Question 9

Activation Syndrome

Answer 9

• ppl who feel energized/restless. They can feel irritated, angry, aggressive, and rarely violent.
• can be caused by too much serotonin
• caused by changing dopamine levels

Question 10

Inflammation

Answer 10

• promotes brain’s stress response

- causes body to shutdown

Question 11

Aerobic exercise

Answer 11

Increases BDNF, serotonin, and dopamine function

Question 12

Beck’s cognitive model

Answer 12

• Depression caused by negatively biased thoughts
  Automatic thoughts - involuntary negative interpretation of events
• Logical errors - give rise to automatic thoughts, (ex. all or nothing thinking)
• Schemas - core beliefs, taken as a given. (“I’m a loser; No one will ever love me”)

Question 13

Kindling hypothesis

Answer 13

to account for the likelihood of someone becoming depressed again

Question 14

Heritability estimate

Answer 14

30% - 40% female

20% - 30% male

Question 15

What gene is the serotonin transporter gene?

Answer 15

chromosome 17

Question 16

Serotonin transporter gene

• long version
• short version

Answer 16

• 2 long copies no increase in depression, and wind up with more serotonin transmitters. Long copies build more than short copies
• 2 short copies much more vulnerable to have depression

Question 17

Caspi 2003 study

Answer 17

4 + negative events: LL = 17% depressed; SS = 43%

Question 18

What drugs disrupt slow wave sleep?

Answer 18

Benzodiazepine

Question 19

What does CRH regulate?

Answer 19

neurotransmitter function

Question 20

Diathesis stress model

Answer 20

• attempts to explain behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences
• can take the form of genetic, psychological, biological, or situational factors.

Question 21

What circuits do flight or flight inhibit?

Answer 21

serotonin circuits

Question 22

What did Kahneman win the Nobel Prize in?

Answer 22

economics

Question 23

Age of highest risk for onset of depression?

Answer 23

15 - 24

Question 24

Micro Biomes

Answer 24

all little organisms living in and on you, and we are out numbered by them

Question 25

Malicious Micro biomes reproduce off

Answer 25

Dietary sugar

Question 26

Beneficial Micro Biomes reproduce off

Answer 26

plant fiber

Question 27

Number of micro biomes in our body

Answer 27

100 trillion

Question 28

What increases BDNF?

Answer 28

Omega 3's and antidepressants

Question 29

Highest antidepressant use is found in?

Answer 29

Peri-menopausal women

Question 30

Rate of antidepressant use in peri-menopausal women?

Answer 30

1 in 4

Question 31

Target amount of sleep?

Answer 31

8 hours

Question 32

How many hours of sleep are optimal for a 19 yr old?

Answer 32

9 hrs

Question 33

Optimal hrs of sleep for a 25 yr old?

Answer 33

8 hrs

Question 34

sleep deprived

Answer 34

majority of americans are sleep deprived

Question 35

Psychoanalytic

Answer 35

Freud

Question 36

Psychodynamic

Answer 36

attachment theory

Question 37

Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Answer 37

- depression = anger turned inward - oral fixation = clingy person, vulnerable to dependency, at risk of depression if have a significant loss - anal fixation = perfectionist, vulnerable to failure, more vulnerable to depression b/c of failure

Question 38

BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor)

Answer 38

- Anti-d's increase BDNF in the hippocampus - -> when BNDF increases, grow new memory pathways, learning pathways/connections. - -> growing dendrytic spines

Question 39

of anti-d's prescribed each yr?

Answer 39

150 million

Question 40

Kahneman

Answer 40

Thinking isn't fully rational