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Bio Final Exam > Major Concepts > Flashcards

Major Concepts Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

M1: How the scientific method works. The order of different parts of the scientific method. What starts the scientific method? What does that lead to? What is done after that? And so on…

A
  • Is an endless cycle that represents the core logic of how science works
  • Starts with observations (seeing/noticing something strange and wondering “what is happening?”) -> question/hypothesis (hypothesis includes the question trying to be answered AND parameters of the experiment) -> experimentation (simple or complicated, tests the question) -> analysis (human biases MUST be removed, typically in statistics) -> conclusion/reporting (what is the answer to the question? Conclusions must be reported to everyone)
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2
Q

M1: Identify variables in an experiment. What variable is the researcher in control of? What variable are you recording as results?

A
  • Variables are any aspect of nature that is capable of changing
  • Independent Variable: values are independent of the experiment (ex. time, temperature) -> is controlled by researcher
  • Dependent Variable: values are dependent to the independent variable (this is what you’re testing)
    (Ex. test scores depend on study time & how much you sweat depends on temperature outside) -> recording as results
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3
Q

M1: What is spurious correlation? If it is spurious, does that mean it is not actually correlated?

A
  • In a spurious correlation, a third variable is the real cause of the observed correlation
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4
Q

M1: Different components of an experiment. What is the placebo effect? What is a control group vs. the treatment group?

A

-Contain treatment and control group

-Placebo Effect: The (potentially false) feeling in a study participant that he or she has benefited from the experimental treatment

-control: maintained under a standard set of conditions, no change in the independent variable
-treatment: is the experimental group, maintained under the same standard set of conditions as the control, independent variable is manipulated

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5
Q

M1 : What are the different sources of scientific information and what is different about them?

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6
Q

M2: What are the differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and complex internal compartments
Eukaryotes: May be single-celled or multicellular; possess many membrane-enclosed compartments called organelles; can be thousand times larger by volume than prokaryotic cells

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7
Q

M2: How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions give the cell membrane structure?

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8
Q

M2: How does a phospholipid bilayer create a barrier? What are ways molecules are transported across that barrier? There are 2 main categories and example of each

A
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9
Q

M2: How does increasing surface area allow a cell (or similar) to do more? Like transport more water out of a cell.

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10
Q

M2: How does the cell cycle operate? Meaning, what is each phase doing and why?

A
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11
Q

M2: What happens in cell division (each step of mitosis)?

A

Cell Division: the generation of daughter cells from a parent cell; a cell copies the circular chromosome and separates into two daughter cells, which receive one chromosome each

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12
Q

M2: The difference in mitosis and meiosis (what are each for and what do they produce)?

A

Mitosis: Every other cell; two daughter cells- cellular respiration Haploid (n)
Meiosis: Sex cells; gametes (egg or sperm) Gametes- Diploids (2n)

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13
Q

M3: How do plants get the resources they need for photosynthesis?

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14
Q

M3: What are plants doing with glucose after they complete photosynthesis?

A

Used as a plants main structural component- cellulose
Cellulose is not digestible by animals, only bacteria and fungi have the ability to get energy from it

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15
Q

M3: What is being made at each step of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A
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16
Q

M3: Why are there different forms of photosynthesis? What are the advantages to C4 and CAM?

A

C3 Plants: fix CO2 through the Calvin cycle alone because the first stable product of carbon fixation is a 3-carbon molecule (PGA); can be inefficient because these plants lose fixed carbon due to photorespiration, which is worst under bright light and hot and dry conditions
C4 and CAM plants: evolved variant forms of photosynthesis in which the first stable product of carbon fixation is a 4-carbon molecule; photosynthesis is more efficient in these plants under hot, dry, sunny conditions because photorespiration is minimized

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17
Q

M3: What are the things going into and coming out of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

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18
Q

M3: How are the resources for cellular respiration gathered?

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19
Q

M3: What two things may happen after glycolysis? And what a cell to do one and not the other?

A
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20
Q

M3: How is photosynthesis connected to climate change?

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21
Q

M4: Punnett Squares, know how to do them, what are they for, how to interpret them, know how to figure out the resulting phenotype / genotype ratio

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22
Q

M4: Dominant and recessive gene interactions, in terms of genotype and phenotype

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23
Q

M4: Mendel’s experiments and what we learned from them?

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24
Q

M4: How does life create as much genetic diversity as possible?

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25
Q

M4: How to read a pedigree and how different genes are passed from one generation to the next

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26
Q

M5: How DNA and RNA use base pairing for replication, transcription, and translation?

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27
Q

M5: What is the purpose of RNA? What are different ways genes are regulated?

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28
Q

M5: How are the complementary DNA strands arranged compared to each other? Why does that matter?

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29
Q

M5: How gel electrophoresis and PCR are able to identify individuals, except individual twins (why?) and what is the genetic similarity of various family members. Be able to interpret a Crime Scene gel electrophoresis and a Paternity gel electrophoresis

A
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30
Q

M5: What are viruses doing when they infect a person? How do vaccines work?

A

-Viruses inject cells with RNA and/or DNA; not living; anti-biotics have NO affect on viruses
-Viral genome enters host cell, viral genome is replicated and transcribed, viral mRNA are translated and proteins processed, particles assemble inside host, then burst or bud to exterior
-Vaccines train the immune system to recognize viruses so that they can be destroyed
-Traditional Vaccines: manufacture envelope proteins for injection
-mRNA Vaccines: inject mRNA that codes for envelope proteins

31
Q

M5: How is your DNA structured and why? Noncoding DNA, introns, exons, etc. (Also, how does all this relate to the genetic code?)

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32
Q

M6: How do stem cells divide? How does a unipotent stem cell self-renew?

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33
Q

M6: What are the different stem cells used for within your own body?

A
34
Q

M6: How do cancer cells develop? What all has to go wrong genetically?

A

Cancer develops when cells lose normal restraints on division and migration

35
Q

M6: How do chemotherapy and radiation try to treat cancer? What is the potential long term impact?

A
36
Q

M6: How are telomeres and DNA methylation involved in aging? What about cancer?

A
37
Q

M6: Why are the majority of cancers NOT hereditary?

A

-Only 1-5% can be traced to inherited gene defects
-Majority of cancers caused by accumulation of multiple mutations in somatic cells (body cells as opposed to sex cells)
-Mutations can be caused by mistakes in internal processes (DNA replication) or by external agents such as mutagens

38
Q

M6: Why are males at a higher risk of cancer? Why are you at a higher risk of cancer the older you get?

A
39
Q

M7: Of the groups presented, how are organisms classified? (What phylum/kingdom is Aves in?)

A
40
Q

M7: What are major characteristics of each group and/or what type of organisms are in the groups? (Chordata has a notochord, mammals produce milk via mammary glands, Nematoda are roundworms, etc)

A
41
Q

M7: In details discussed in class, what is alternation of generations?

A

-ALL plants alternate between 2 growth forms, one haploid and the other diploid

42
Q

M8: Of the systems discussed in detail, how is each organ functioning in its system (What function does the stomach provide for the digestive system)?

A
43
Q

M8: How do carnivores and herbivores differ in their digestive system, and why?

A
44
Q

M8: What is the main function of each organ system (What is the main function of the kidneys? How is that reflected in the organ system (gill surface area between a flounder and a mackerel)?

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45
Q

M8: What are other organs that are present in other organisms? Why do they need these organs (what don’t they have)?

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46
Q

M8: What is each chamber of the heart doing?

A

-Upper chambers called the atria
-Lower chambers called the ventricles
-Right Atrium: receives oxygen-poor blood from body through superior and inferior vena cava
-Left Atrium: receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins
-Right Ventricle: pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs through pulmonary artery
-Left Ventricle: pumps oxygen-rich blood to body through aorta

47
Q

M9: How do other organisms reproduce?

A
48
Q

M9: How is sex determined in other organisms? In humans? What happens in humans?

A

Environmental Sex Determination: when climactic (temp.) or social factors (no females) determine which gametes are produced
Genotypic Sex Determination: when genetics determine which gametes are produced (like humans)
Sex determined at fertilization for humans

49
Q

M9: How do the male/female sex organs function? (What does the prostate gland do?)

A
50
Q

M9: Where does fertilization typically occur in humans? What typically happens to the egg after?

A

Fertilization needs to occur when the egg is at the Ampulla of the uterine tube to result in pregnancy

If the egg is fertilized it will attach to the uterine wall and potentially develop into a baby; if the egg isn’t fertilized, menstruation occurs

51
Q

M9: What is involved in the menstrual cycle? What 3 things are cycling?

A

The endometrial cycle builds up the endometrium in preparation of developing an embryo; egg development from primary oocytes; meiosis 1 completed before ovulation and forms secondary oocyte; ovulation where secondary oocyte is released into uterine tube

52
Q

M9: How does meiosis work in male and female reproductive systems? (When does meiosis 1 and 2 end?)

A

Female Reproductive Systems: Meiosis 1 completed before Ovulation; If the egg is fertilized, will go through Meiosis 2, releasing a second unviable cell

Male Reproductive System: Meiosis produces sperm and occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, occurs to produce the sperm head

53
Q

M10: What does evolution actually state? What are misconceptions about evolution?

A

Evolution takes a long time and involves many variables, all of which change over time, some change every day

What Evolution DOES NOT Say:
-We didn’t evolve from monkeys (share common ancestor)
-Does not disprove intelligent design
-Does not have a direction
-Is not a choice
-Does not simply result in more advanced traits

54
Q

M10: What is the evidence for evolution? What does each category of evidence show in terms of evolution? (Ex. Fossils show progressions of species over time & embryonic development shows genetic similarities)

A
  1. Fossils
  2. Traces of evolutionary history in existing organisms
  3. Similarities and differences in DNA
  4. Direct observations of genetic change in populations
  5. The distribution of organisms and fossils around the world
  6. The present-day formation of new species
55
Q

M10: What is the overall history of life on Earth? (About how long has life existed, what about how long ago did multicellular life form, when did life move to land) Show how relative to each other they are

A

Earth’s age approximately 4.6 billion years, for majority of it, life was comprised of simple, single-celled organisms
-Oldest known rocks are 3.8 billion years old
-Eukaryotes are first seen in the fossil record at about 2.1 billion years ago
-Multicellular Life evolved about 650 million years ago
-Moved to land around 415-360 mya

56
Q

M10: About when did photosynthesis start and how do we know?

A
57
Q

M10: Why did life move onto land? What were the challenges (2 main ones)?

A
58
Q

M10: Why are mass extinctions followed by adaptive radiation?

A

Under certain conditions, a lineage could experience multiple speciation events in a short period of time; one can give rise to many descendant species
Conditions that lead to adaptive radiations: Colonization of a new location, Mass extinctions that remove existing species, Evolution of a novel trait that confers a significant competitive advantage

59
Q

M10: How does abiotic resistance in bacteria form?

A

Antibiotics help bodies kill bacteria that makes us sick -> some of the bacteria that makes us sick get better at defending themselves against antibiotics, resistant bacteria is harder to kill -> resistant bacteria start to multiple; making antibiotics less and less effective

60
Q

M10: In reference to the wings of birds, bats, and pterodactyls; What about their wings are homologous, what is analogous?

A

-Homologous: features that organisms share from inheriting them from common ancestor; wings: bone structure of vertebrate limbs
(DIVERGENT EVOLUTION)

-Analogous: Results in organisms that appear alike despite vastly dissimilar genetics; not common descent from common ancestor; wings: butterfly and bat; wings of 3 vertebrate groups
(CONVERGENT EVOLUTION)

61
Q

M11: In terms of what was discussed in class, what were major things that contributed to the evolution of horses?

A
62
Q

M11: How do the gradual adaptation and punctuated equilibrium theories vary? Is one correct?

A
63
Q

M11: How are new alleles and traits incorporated into a species? What is required for the trait?

A
64
Q

M11: How does each of the 4 evolution mechanisms work? How would gene flow/ gene drift/ mutation/ natural selection cause speciation?

A
65
Q

M11: Why did beak size change (increase and decrease) around a drought in the example given in class?

A
66
Q

M11: Why is sexual selection such an important part of natural selection? What examples were given to highlight this?

A
67
Q

M11: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the four ways animals communicate?

A
68
Q

M11: What are the females evaluating when selecting a mate? We don’t truly know their thought processes, so this is asking what traits is she looking for in a mate?

A
69
Q

M12: Why is it warmer at the equator? What does this mean for photosynthesis? Heterotrophs?

A
70
Q

M12: What different variables are required for each biome discussed? Aquatic (2 variables) and Terrestrial (also 2 major variables)?

A
71
Q

M12: How does energy move in an ecosystem? (In terms of energy pyramids, nutrient cycles, and secondary productivity)

A
72
Q

M12: How do organisms interact with each other? What are ways organisms try to avoid these interactions?

A
73
Q

M12: What happens with Eutrophication?

A

-On a large scale produces massive “dead zones” in offshore areas
- Causes algae to be more abundant, thereby increasing the available nutrients

Bio Final Exam (13 decks)

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