Major components

Question 1

what are the main solutes in urine: include salts and waste products

Answer 1

sodium, some potassium; urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Question 2

What solutes in urine are the nitrogenous waste products of protein metabolism and why must they be eliminated?

Answer 2

urea, uric acid, and creatinine–> increased levels are toxic

Question 3

What is the amount of creatinine excreted related to, and do individuals excrete varying amounts day to day?

Answer 3

It is related to muscle mass of the body, and each individual excretes a constant amount every day

Question 4

What are plasma creatinine levels used to indicate and why

Answer 4

renal function, bc creatinine is normally filtered through the glomerulus and none reabsorbed into blood; thus increased levels indicate impaired glomerular filtration = impaired renal function

Question 5

what are the reference values for pH and specific gravity in Normal adult urine?

Answer 5

pH 5 to 7; SG 1.003 to 1.035

Question 6

reference value for protein in urine/ albumin

Answer 6

none or trace

Question 7

reference value for conjugated bilirubin and urobilinogen in normal urine

Answer 7

bilirubin should be negative; urobilinogen should be less than 1 mg/ dL

Question 8

ref values in urine for glucose, blood/Hgb, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, ketones

Answer 8

should be negative

Question 9

how does pH of urine change upon standing and why

Answer 9

more alkaline, due to breakdown of urea to ammonia

Question 10

Upon standing, levels of glucose, ketones, cells, casts, bilirubin, and urobilinogen ?

Answer 10

decrease

Question 11

How doe appearance of bilirubin change in urine left standing at RT? urobilinogen?

Answer 11

bili: yellow to green
urobili: clear to orange-red

Question 12

what is the specimen of choice for urinalysis and microscopic examination?

Answer 12

first morning specimen

Question 13

what’s the preferred specimen type (urine) for culture and sensitivity?

Answer 13

midstream clean catch

Question 14

what types of analytes are best reflected with a 24 hour urine aka timed specimen?

Answer 14

creatinine, urine urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, potassium, and things affected by diurnal variation such as catecholamines, steroids

Question 15

what kind of urine specimen collection would be used to obtain a sterile sample?

Answer 15

suprapubic aspiration