Major American Planning Movements Flashcards
City Beautiful
Daniel Burnham
City Beautiful leaders believed that creating a beautiful city would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives.
The result of the movement was the creation of Beaux-Arts style civic centers. The first model city was the White City - Worlds Fair 1893.
Another example is the McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington, D.C.
San Fransisco Plan 1903
Deficiencies of this movement include:
- Catered to the upper class
- The beautification and adornment had limited practicality
- Public investment was needed for its parks and boulevards and this was not always available to cities
Garden City Movement
Ebenezer Howard, “To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.” Later issued as “Garden Cities of To-morrow.”
A garden city is planned, self-contained with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres. It would house 30,000 people on 1,000acres with the remaining land and population in farming areas.
Planning should be designed for socioeconomic stratums just above the poor….avoiding the downfalls of industrial cities at that time such as urban poverty and overcrowding….
Land ownership would be held by a corporation.
Letchworth, 1903 first English city of its kind and influential for the New Town Movement in the US.
1928 construction of the first American Garden City in Radburn, NJ began designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
The City Efficient
Aka City Functional or City Scientific was a reaction against the City Beautiful movement which was seen overly focused on beauty and not sufficiently concerned with matters of function and efficiency.
Resettlement Administration
1935; President Roosevelt
Established this organization during the Great Depression and was responsible for the Greenbelt Towns program.
Green Towns included Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH, Greenbelt MD.
Park Forest, IL
Developed as a New Town following WWII.
