Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
What is the 1st amendment?
Freedom of Speech; Freedom of Religion; Freedom of Association.
Freedom of Speech: Applies to adult uses and signs
Freedom of Religion: applies to religious facilities
Freedom of Association: applies to group homes
What is the 5th amendment?
Just compensation for takings
applies in cases of takings and eminent domain
What is the 14th amendment?
Due process, substantive due process, procedural due process, and equal protection
Due process: can be applied to takings, eminent domain and exactions
Substantive Due Process: this is about the validity of the rule itself, which in planning might include issues of aesthetics
Procedural Due Process: is about whether the rules were applied fairly.
Equal Protection: often applies to exclusionary zoning
The taking of a property without just compensation is a violation of what amendment(s)?
5th and 14th
What are the Theories of Urban Development?
Concentric Circle
Sector
Multiple Nuclei
Central Place
The concentric Circle Theory
This was developed by Ernest Burgess in 1925.
He believed that cities grow in a series of outward rings, and land use is based on distance from downtown.
There were five rings in his theory: 1) the central business district, which houses a concentration of governmental, office, and commercial uses; 2) the industrial zone; 3) the zone of transition, which has a mix of industrial and low-income housing (at one time this ring had high-income, large houses); 4) the zone of middle class housing; and 5) the commuter zone, with higher-income housing.
Bid Rent Curve
Ernest Burgess
This is a theory explaining land use patterns based on how much people are willing to pay for land, in turn, based on the profits that are likely to receive from maintaining a business on that land.
Sector Theory
This was developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939.
Hoyt was in the real estate business in Chicago and was interested in high-end residential development.
Hoyt disagreed with Burgess’ conception of city growth and argued that land uses vary based on transportation routes. The city, as a result, was a series of sectors radiating out from the center of the city.
Multiple Nuclei Theory
This was developed by Harris and Ullman in 1945. They argued that cities develop a series of specific land use nuclei.
A land use nucleus is formed because of accessibility to natural resources, clustering of similar uses, land prices, and the repelling power of land uses.
Central Place Theory
This was developed by Walter Christaller in 1933, who used it to explain the size and spacing of cities.
The theory states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range of people who are willing to travel to receive goods and services.
Central Place Theory can also be useful as a way of understanding the hierarchy of retail establishments in cities (for example nail salons on every block, a grocery store every 10 blocks, and a large shopping center servicing a much larger area).
What are the Theories of Planning Practice?
Rational Incremental Mixed Scanning Advocacy Transactive Radical Communicative
The basic steps in Rational Planning are to:
Set Goals Determine Alternatives Evaluate the Alternatives Choose an Alternative Implement the Alternative Evaluate
Later known as the 5 “D’s”
- Desires
- Designs
- Deductions
- Decisions
- Deeds
Rational planning can only work when the problem can be easily defined and there can be the best solution.
Rational planning should not be used if there is no consensus within a community on a particular issue.
Rational planning was the dominant planning theory through the 1950s. While this model has been discredited, it can still be seen in use in all areas of the planning practice.
In particular, transportation planning is one area in which rational planning persists.
Incremental Planning
In 1959, Charles Lindblom published the article “The Science of Muddling Through”, which introduced the concept of incrementalism.
Lindblom argued that people make their plans and decisions in an incremental manner, accomplishing their goals through a series of successive, limited comparisons.
An example in many communities is the zoning ordinance. Planning departments rarely conduct a complete overhaul of the zoning ordinance; instead, the zoning ordinance is tweaked to assist in achieving the goals of the comprehensive plan.
Mixed Scanning
Amitai Etzioni introduced the concept of mixed scanning as a compromise between rational and incremental planning theories.
Mixed scanning views planning decisions at two levels: the big picture and the small picture.
As an example, a comprehensive plan would be created using the rational planning approach, while the implementation of the plan would use an incremental approach.
Advocacy Planning
Advocacy Planning was developed in the 1960s by Paul Davidoff as a way to represent the interests of groups within a community.
Davidoff argued that planners should represent special interest groups rather than acting for the good of the whole community.
As an example, downtown building owners may put together a plan for revitalizing downtown, homeless advocates may put together a plan for shelters in downtown, and the merchants’ association may have a plan for increasing downtown retailing.
Equity Planning
While advocacy planning promoted the planner as an advocate for special interest groups, some argued that the role of the planner should be to advocate specifically for the disadvantaged in the community.
Norman Krumholz adopted equity planning in Cleveland during the 1970s and helped make the needs of low-income groups the highest priority.
Transactive Planning
Job of the planner is to distribute information and get feedback. Face to face process, individual citizens have say….not very feasible.
Transactive planning theory was developed in the 1970s as a way to get the public more involved in the planning process.
In transactive planning, the planner meets with individuals in the community to discuss issues and help develop a plan. Through a process of “mutual learning,” the planner shares technical knowledge, while the citizens provide community knowledge.
In 1973, John Friedmann published the book Retracking America: A Theory of Transactive Planning.
Radical Planning
In 1987, John Friedmann published a book titled Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action.
In it, he discusses the concept of radical planning, which involves taking power away from the government and giving it to the people. In this process, citizens get together and develop their own plans.
Very difficult to implement.
Communicative Planning
Communicative planning is currently the theory of choice among planning practitioners. Planners around the nation have moved towards more open planning that includes a much more intensive citizen participation process.
The communicative approach tries to use a rational model as a basis for bringing mutual understanding among all stakeholders. Planners can provide the stakeholders with information and bring people together to discuss the issues.
What is Dillon’s rule?
This applies in states where the rights of cities are only those that have been specifically authorized by the state.
Thirty-nine states employ Dillon’s rule to all municipalities, while eight states employ the rule for certain types of municipalities.
What is Home Rule?
Home Rule states are those in which cities have the right to develop their own regulations, except where the state has specifically stated otherwise.
What is the difference between the RPAA and RPA?
Regional Planning Association of America - headed by Lewis Mumford, small group of influential planners who believed the “city functional” planners did not go far enough to advance social and economic equality
Regional Planning Agency - still exists; was the planning agency behind the 1929 Regional Plan of NY
