Major #1 Review Flashcards
Definition of Ethics
Ethics - A set of values in society that differentiates right from wrong
Definition of assault on a PT is
To create in another person a fear of immediate bodily harm or invasion of bodily security
Advanced directive is ….
A written document or legal statement that expresses the wants, needs, and desires of a patient in reference to the futer medical care.
Living will
DNR
Organ donation
Definition of Ethics
The ….
What is not required to prove negligence
Breach of duty
Duty to act
Liable definition
Making a false statement in written forum that injures a persons good name
Defamation deffenition
Intentionally making a false statement, through written or verbal communication, witch injures a persons good name or reputation.
If a Pt makes a choice and the medic does not agree with it.
What should the medic do?
Try to convince the PT
The most inferior portion of the heart is called the ________
Apex
Witch of the following statements regarding type O blood is correct
It contains no surface antigens
The upper section of the sternum is called the ________
Manubrium
The body’s ability to spontaneously cease bleeding is called
Hemostasis
The ongoing process by witch red blood cells are made is called
Erythropoiesis
When oxygen levels are low or absent the cells revert to a process of
Anaerobic metabolism
Which types of valves are the Aortic and Pulmonary valves?
Semi Lunar
The thick fibrous mucus that surrounds the heart is called the
Pericardium
Approximately two thirds of the heart muscle lyse within the thoracic cavity called the
Mediastinum
The substances that contain all the cellular content between the cell-membrane and the nucleus is called the ________
Cytoplasm
Witch of the following structures comprise different types of tissues that work together to preformed a particular function
Organs
What type of tissue covers and lines internal organs
Epithelium
The most important nerve of the cervical plexus witch innervates the diaphragm is the
Phrenic Nerve
During your assessment of the PT you notice he is bradycardic, hypertensive, and salivating. These clinical findings suggest.
Parasympathetic Nerves System Stimulation
Decrease in the PAC c02 results ________ pH levels in the respiratory center and ________in ventilation.
Increase pH levels
Decrease ventilations
During your assessment of a trauma PT you note the presence of by lateral femur fractures. This means that ________
Both femurs are broken.
In a pregnant PT the secretion of oxytocin courses_______
Uterine smooth muscle contractions
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves arise from the ________
Autonomic NS
Movement of an extremity towards the midline of the body if called _______
Addiction
The topographic term used to describe the location of body parts that are closer to the midline is _________
Medial
Substances that release ions when dissolve in water are called __________
Electrolytes
The most common solvent in the body in witch solute and other substances will dissolve is _________
Water
Compared to the frontal region of the skull the oxipitus is ___________
Posterior
Insulin and glucose are produced in specialized groups of cells in the pancreas known as the _______
Islets of Langerhide
A PT is found to have high blood sugar levels.
What is the cause of this?
Deficient insulin levels in the body
All of the following are formed components of blood except…
Plasma
The mid rain pawns and medulla oblongata collectively forum the ________
Brain stem
Witch parasystolic response occurs when a person looses blood
Vessel contraction and myocardial contractility increases
T/F The sweat gland is an endocrine gland
False
The average total body waters contained in a adult is
60%
Topographically the term distal means _________
Away from the trunk of the body
T/F Smooth muscles are NOT voluntary
True
Pt’s with __________ are at significant risk for toxic affects of medications or metabolic waist products in the body.
Renal Failure
In witch of the following situations would the paramedic most likely administer a drug via the rectal rout?
Seizure termination
The paramedic may be called upon to administer platelets to PT’s with a ___________
Thrombocytopenia
A reduction in the number of platelets
Decreased efficacy or potency of a medication when taken repeatedly by a PT is called
Tolerance
In order to course a negative inotropic effect on the heart you have to administer a _______
Beta 1 adrenergic antagonist
Under normal conditions the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system functions by
Promoting vasoconstriction and fluid retention in response to hypotension and hypovolemia
A unit of packed red blood cells contains approximately _____ to______ml of concentrated red blood cells
225ml to 250ml
The rectal rout is preferred over the oral route for certain emergencies because ______
The rectal medication are usually not subject to first pass metabolism
Cross tolerance to medication occurs when______
A process in witch repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance that may be “transferred” to other medication in the same class.
In up to 1/3 of all PT’s morphine sulfate causes
N/V
Alkalinizing agents are used to _______ the pH
increase
From which of the following condition may a PT be prescribed furosemide
Kidney dysfunction
The physical emotional or behavioral need of a medication in order to maintain a certain level of normal function is called _______
Dependence
The % of a unchanged medication that reaches the systemic circulation is referred to as
Bio availability
Which of the following medications is a derivative from a plant source?
Digoxin
T/F Atropine is a endogenous catocholamine?
False
In general alpha adrenergic
Lowers BP
The desired clinical effect after administering a Beta 2 agonist medication is
Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles
A medication that has a narrow therapeutic index ____
Can be given but not without close PT monitoring.
Cathacolamines and Sympathomimetic medications should be given with caution because they can
Increase cardiac work load and myocardial oxygen demand
Ace inhibitor medication lower blood pressure by
Blocking the conversion of angeotensin 1 to angeotensin 2
A drug that poses the same desired clinical effect in several small doses as it does in a signal large dose has demonstrated
A cumulative action
When the paramedic administers a medication via the IV route
He or she has the ability to titrate the medication carefully in a rapidly evolving clinical situation
If unmatched blood is administer in the prehospital setting, it will almost always be
O-
A PT receives several doses of the same drug within a short period of time, after which point the medication does not relive his symptoms, which of the following has most likely occurred.
Tachyphylaxis
Fentenal is the preferred OPA of analgesic for PT’s in critical or unstable conditions because
It is not as prone to causing hypotension.
Toxic effects of beta blockers include all of the following except
Tachycardia
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that
Breaks down acetylcholine
A medication that initiated or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor cites and prompting a cell response is said to be an
Agonist
Which of the following medications causes an immune mediation response
Penicillin
Physiologic effects of nitro when given to PT’s with chest pain
Decreased preload in coronary vasodilation
Calcium chloride or calcium glucagon may mitigate hypotension or bradycardia following a overdose of
Diltiazem
What is the mechanism of action of anticoagulation medication
Prevents new clot formation
Narcotic analgesic relive pain by
Stimulation opioid receptors
The therapeutic index of a medication is defined as
The difference between the medium effective dose and medium toxic dose.
Medication first passes metabolism in the
Liver
When administering narcan to a PT who overdosed on a opioid, it is important for the paramedic to remember
The duration of the medication is less then that of the opioid
Witch of the following structures contained epithelial cells that create a continues barrier to medical extortion
Urinary tract
Stimulation of alpha 1 receptors results in
Vaso constriction
According to the term drop hypothesis
Mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years presiding death
Vascular compensation for changes in blood pressure decreases with age to
Reduced elasticity of peripheral vessels secondary to decreases in elastin and collagen
Foreign material such as bacteria and other micro organisms are engulfed and distorted by
Phagocytes
PT’s between 41 and 60 years of age are least susceptible to
Acute immunosuppression
The decline in cardiac function associated with aging is largely related to
Atherosclerosis
Renin is a protein that is released into the blood stream by the
Kidneys in response to changes in blood pressure
Which of the following statements regarding growth spears in adolescence is correct
Boys generally experience this stage of growth later in life then girls
Witch of the following factors typically does not affect the vital signs of a 65 yo PT
Living conditions
Upper respiratory tract infections are more common in toddlers then in infants because
Of a loss in passive immunity
A pulse rate for a 16 yo adolescent topically reneges between
60 and 100 beats/min
In late adults the size of the airway ________ and the surface area of the avioli ________
Increases
Decreases
Distributive shock occurs when
Blood pools in expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion is decreased.
Non striated muscle is also called
Smooth muscle
How does the body respond to hypoperfusion
Catocholamine release and increase systemic vascular resistance
Infants are referred to as belly breathers because
They rely on there diaphragm to breath
Apoptosis is referred to as
Normal cell death
Baroreceptors witch are located in the coronary arteries, aorta, and kidneys are most susceptible to changes in
Blood pressure
Witch of the following statements regarding middle aged adults is correct
Middle aged adults view a crisis as a challenge to be overcome rather then a threat to be avoided
PT’s who overdose on heroin and has shallow respirations would most likely be experiencing
Increased CO2 retention
Plasma comprises approximately ____% of whole blood
55%
What type of shock occurs when blood flows become blocked in the heart or in the great vessels
Obstructive
Gout is a condition in witch
Uric acid accumulates in blood
In general normal psychosocial factors that affects the life of a 35 yo person include all EXEPT
Anxiety
Groups of cells forum
Tissue
PT’s with type 1 diabetes need
Insulin to survive
Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is
Striated involuntary
Unlike bacteria, viruses
Do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins
At birth the pulse rate of up to ____ and a respiratory rate of ____ is considered normal
180
60
All of the following are endocrine hormones except
Histamine
Homeostasis is most accurately defined as
A constant effort to preserve a degree of stability or equilibrium
When oxygen does not reach the cell, the cell reverts to
Anaerobic metabolism, and produces lactic acid
Which of the following statements regarding renal function in older adults is correct
Aging kidneys respond less effectively it hemodynamics stress
Acidosis is characterized by a increase in hypotension and hydrogen ions and a
Decrease in pH
In most infants the primary way of communicating distress is
Crying
The most prevalent cations of the extra cellular fluid is
35 Q5
Sodium
