A&P Final Review Flashcards
A person lying face up is in the __________ position
Supine
The human form shown upright, hands at the side, palms forward, and feet together is in the __________ position
Anatomical
__________ is on anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level”
Superior
The term __________ means the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationship between the body parts
Anatomy
__________ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
Physiology
A __________ feedback is a initial stimulus that produces a response that reinforces that stimulus
Positive
A __________ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge
Electron
__________ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
Ionic Bonds
Chemical bonds created by the sharing of __________ with other atoms are called covalent bonds
Electron
__________ energy is energy in motion
Kinetic
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of __________
Cat ions
Sulfate, biphosphate, bicarbonate, and chloride are examples of __________
Anions
__________ compounds do not contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
Inorganic
__________ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentrations to an area of relatively low concentration
Diffusion
The diffusion of water across the cell membrane is called __________
Osmosis
Bone, fat and blood can all be classified __________ tissue
Connective
List one primary action of macrophages __________
Engulf damaged cells or pathogens
__________ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms
Antibodies
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein or called __________
Ecchymosis
A bluish appearance of the skin is called
Cyanosis
The central shaft of a long bone is called___________
Diaphysis
The pelvic girdle is included in the___________division of the skeleton
Appendicular
The fibrous connective tissue connecting the bone of the skull at birth is called___________
Fontanelle
___________ is the most abundant mineral in the human body
Calcium
Stored in bone
___________ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells
Acetylcholine
The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called ___________
Pacemaker cells
The___________ muscle separate the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Forenic nerve
All neutral tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord make up the___________ nervous system
Peripheral NS
Information is carried to the CNS by the___________division, and motor commands are carried by the muscles and glands via the___________division.
Afferent
Efferent
The autonomic component of nervous system provides automatic involuntary regulation of___________muscle, ___________muscle, and___________secritions.
Smooth
Cardiac
Glandular
Refractory period is ___________
Limits the rate at which action potentials can be generated in an excitable membrane.
Synapsis that release norepinephrine are called___________
Adrenergic
The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the___________
___________ ___________
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
(The Meninges)
___________ is caused by a imbalance in the amount of CSF fluid production and rate at which it is absorbed
Hydrocephalus
The ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies
Sympathetic
The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and___________ receptors
Muscarinic
Musc-arinic
T/F The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems
True
List three things the parasympathetic system controls
___________
___________
___________
Relaxation
Food processing
Energy absorption
The ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies
Sympathetic
The stimulation of Beta-1 receptors cause increase in___________
Heart rate
Increases automaticity
Temperature is considered a___________sence
General
Receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli are called___________
chemoreceptors
___________monitors changes in pressure, such as in the carotid artery and aorta.
Barorceptors
The chemical messengers of the endocrine system called___________
Hormones
The hormone released by the___________control other endocrine glands.
Not Hypothalamus.
“Anterior pituitary” edited answer with Pedro
The endocrine cells of the pancreas produce___________and___________
Glucagon
Insulin
The most important hormone produced in the male gonads is___________
Testosterone
___________to___________ is the average pH of whole blood
7.35-7.45
___________binds and transports carbon dioxide and oxygen
Hemoglobin
Vitamin___ is needed, along with intrinsic factor, for erythropoiesis to occur.
Vitamin B 12
___________are the most common type of white blood cells
Neutrophil
“Never let monkeys eat bananas”
The __________are types of white blood cells that discharge granules that prevent blood clotting
Basophils
Least common type
The Vitamin___, affects almost every aspect of the clotting process.
Vitamin K
When the heart beats, the first chambers to contract are the__________then the __________
Atrium (P wave)
Ventricle (QRS wave)
T/F During contraction the diameter of the ventricle chamber decreases
True
T/F The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle
True
T/F During contraction the distance between the heart’s apex and base decrease
True
__________ is the term for dead tissue caused by interruption cardiac blood flow.
Infarct
__________ is the term for faster than normal heart rate.
Tachycardia
__________is the delivery of sufficient electrical energy to the heart to depolarize the myocardial muscle mass with limited damage
Defibrillation
List three areas the coronary arteries supply
Atrium
Ventricle
Intraventricular septum
An__________ is the recording of the electrical events of the heart
Electrocardiogram
The general rule of “more in equals more out,” is referred to as__________
Frank-Starling Principal
__________is the increase in diameter of an artery and it’s central opening.
Vasodilation
The__________sphincter controls the flow of blood into the capillary.
Precapillary sphincter
A rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heartbeat is known as__________.
Pulse
Hypoperfusion, or a state of inadequate tissue perfusion is commonly called__________.
Shock
And the proximal convoluted tubule water goes out of the tubular fluid by the process of__________.
Osmosis
__________is a metabolic waste product of the breakdown of amino acids.
Urea
The higher the aldosterone level, the more__________ ions are reclaimed and the more __________are lost.
Sodium ions are reclaimed
Potassium ions are lost
__________occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic__________is due to an increase in bicarbonate
Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis is the result of_______capnia.
Hypercapnia
Respiratory__________ can be treated with the administration of sodium bicarbonate
Acidosis
__________are specialized cells that perform an array of specific functions in defending the body.
Lymphocytes
__________ is the body’s ability to resist infection and disease through the activation of specific defenses
Immunity
Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, witch produce and secret antibodies?
_____(cells)
B cells
Which type of lymphocyte attacks cancer cells that appeared normal tissue?
_____(cells)
NK cells
Natural Killer cells
An inflammation of the lymphoid nodules in the appendix is a condition known as__________.
Appendicitis
List 3 functions of the spleen
____________________
____________________
____________________
1, Removes abnormal blood cells and components
2, Initiates the response of B cells and T cells
3, Stores iron from recycled red blood cells
The purpose of inflammation is to__________.
To perform a temporary repair at the injury site
To slow the spread of pathogen
To mobilize a wide range of the defenses it can overcome the pathogens
Regeneration
__________and__________ are the chemical that initiate the process of inflammation
Histamine
Heparin
Define Necrosis
After injury tissue conditions generally become more abnormal before they begin to improve
List the functions of the hypothalamus__________.
Subconscious control of skeletal muscle
Adjusting the activity of autonomic center (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestive functions)
Succeeding a variety of hormones
Coordinating activities of the nervous and endocrine system
Regulating normal body temperature
Coordinating daily cycle of activity
Innate immunity is__________determined.
Genetically determined
________immunity appears after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.
Active
An aerobic process requires __________.
Oxygen
List 2 basic functions of the respiratory system
__________________
__________________
Moving air into and from the gas exchange surface
Providing a large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
__________ is a genetic disease that involves the goblet cells producing dense, viscous mucus that cannot be transported by the respiratory cilia.
Cystic fibrosis
Enlargement of the lower airways due to sympathetic activation is called__________.
Bronchodilation
The blockage of a pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to a group of alveoli is a condition known as a __________.
Pulmonary embolism
__________ is low tissue oxygen levels.
Hypoxia
The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs called.
Pulmonary ventilation
High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, as an emphysema, are called__________
Hypercapnia
__________ is the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments.
Digestion.
Salivary amylase
__________ are the waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract
Peristalsis
The Vegas nerve controls the__________ and initiates the production of__________.
Parasympathetic
Gastric juices
The__________ is the second segment of the small intestine and does the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Jejunum
je-JOO-num
__________ is the esophageal laceration secondary to vomiting.
Mallory Weisstear
List to general functions of the liver.
__________
__________
Production of bile
Metabolic regulation
List 3 major functions of the gallbladder
__________
__________
__________
Bile storage
Bile modification
Bile concentration/secretion
Cells break down organic molecules to obtain energy usually in the form of_______.
ATP
Catabolism is the breakdown of__________.
Complex organic molecules
The synthesis of new organic molecules that involves the formation of
chemical bonds is called__________.
Synthesis reaction
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into__________acid.
Pyruvic acid
The liver and skeletal muscle stores glucose as________.
Glycogen
Sex chromosome
Answer is sex
The following are always components of homeostasis
“All of the above”
T/F During ovulation is there a secondary follicle?
False
We have a trigger response that prevents the lung from over expanding in forced breathing.
Inflation Reflex
Stops the lungs from popping.
Haploid refers to
Sperm
Egg
“It only has one chromosome”
A person with a altered mental status that is suspected of alcohol abuse
Thiamine
“Banana bag”
Witch is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Anti diuretic hormone
It’s released in the kidney
Cremaster muscle moves the__________
Male testy
Temperature regulation of
Number of days for the egg to migrate and implant
8 days
6 migrate
2 implant
Secretions of hormone by the placenta __________
Relaxin
The chromosomes and their components genes carried in every nucleated cell in your body represents your what?
Genotype
There are_________majour coronary arteries that originate off the aorta to perfuse the heart?
Two
The pelvic gridle is included in what division of the skeleton?
Appendicular
T/F A positive feedback is an internal stimulus that produces a response that reinforces that stimulus.
True
The _______ chromosomes determines person’s biological sex.
Sex
T/F A pH of blood below 7.35 is called acidosis.
True
Witch of the following in an example of primary lymphoid tissue?
Tonsils
Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding to a receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called:
Facilitated diffusion
Witch hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
This structure provides the site of diffusion between the material and fetal circulatory system.
Placenta
Witch solution causes the movement of water into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse or burst?
Hypotonic
The influx of ________ rapidly depolarizes the cardiac contractile cells
Sodium
What is formed when an antibody molecule binds to its specific antigen?
Antigen-antibody complex
The following are always components of homeostasis
Receptor, Effector, Integration/Control Center
Negative feedback, positive feedback, control mechanism
Brain, heart, nerves
A term that means close to the body’s longitudinal axis of the body is
Medial what is the signal layer OD cells covering the basement membrane called?
What is the signal layer of cells covering the basement membrane called?
Simple Epithelium
Witch is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline
The _______ in the opening in the base of the skull allowing the exit of the spinal cord from the brain stem.
Foramen Magnum
Witch of the following types of bones cells is responsible for the creation of new bone?
Osteoblasts
Witch of the following is a chemical neurotransmitter released by a motor neuron to communicate with muscle cells.
Acetylcholine
The active force produced when muscle cells contact is called what?
Tension
The _______ is the smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber.
Sarcomere
_______ are the carrier proteins that move sodium potassium, calcium! and magnesium across cell membranes.
Ion pumps
A person lying face up is in the _________ position.
Supine
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called
Ecchymosis
Chemical bonds created by the sharing of electrons with other atoms are called
Covalent bonds
The diaphragm separates the abdominal and __________ cavity
Thoracic
T/F during ovulation a secondary follicle releases a mature gamete
False
During exercise, what cardiovascular changes occurs?
Cardiac output rises
Venous return increases
Extensive vasodilation
T/F The stress response has 3 phases: alarm, flight, and reduction.
False
What part of the neuron carries signals toward the synaptic terminal?
Axon
In what region of the brain do conscious thought, sensation,intellectual function, and memory storage originate?
Cerebrum
Surface tension in an example of what kind of chemical bond?
Hydrogen
The _______ separate(s) the oral and nasal cavities.
Hard plate
The endocrine cells of witch organ produce glucagon and insulin?
Pancreas
An_______ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissue are torn loose or torn off.
Avulsion
________ facilitates the absorption of Vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.
Intrinsic factor
The _________ prevents the lungs from over expanding during forced breathing.
Inflation reflex
Enlargement of the lower airway due to sympathetic activation is called
Bronchodilation
The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine and does the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.
Jejunum
_______ is an example of connective tissue
Bone
Blood
Fat
What is the most important hormone produced in the male gonads
Testosterone
The function of a _______ sperm and a ________ egg eyelids a signal cell with the normal number of chromosomes.
Haploid, Haploid
______ is the process that involves gas exchange and gas transport.
Perfusion
During the first trimester, the series of cell divisions that produce blastomeres is called what?
Mitosis
T/F The vitamin thiamine is commonly used as part of the emergency treatment of patients with altered mental status ie. Wernicke’s Encephalopathy/Korsakoff syndrome
True
The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are filled with what fluid?
Vitreous humor
Traumatic injury to the eye causing visible blood inside the eye is called?
Hyphema
Witch is not a primary type of plasma protein?
Serum
What is the first phase of hemostasis?
Vascular
What is the process called that results in the formation of new blood cells?
Hemopoiesis
Because most lipids are not soluble in water, special mechanisms are required to transport them in the bloodstream. To do so, they bind to another structure and become what?
Lipoproteins
The condition known as “gout” is typically the result of abnormally high blood levels of what?
Uric acid
______ is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
What is the name of the small blood vessels that provide alternative alternative or collateral circulation to the same tissue bed?
Anastomosis
In a cute blood loss states, the venous reserve can compensate for the loos of what percentage of blood volume?
15-20%
The innermost layer of blood vessel in the tunica _________
Interna
The integument contains 2 types of exocrine glands: sebaceous and what other type?
Sweat
The perspiration, or sweat produced by this gland is 99% water.
Merocrine
The epidermis contains variable amounts of 2 pigments, carotene and
Reticular
Each time energy exchange occurs, some of the energy is released as
Heat
Witch statement is true regarding the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.
Enzymes help slow down the speed of reactions that support life
Enzymes help speed up the reaction that support life
Witch type of secretions involves the loss of cytoplasm and the secretory products
Holocrine
Witch of the following is the Intracellular fluid that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insolubles proteins, and waste products.
Cytosol.
What is not a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Movement of cellular derby out of the cell.
In the peripheral nervous system, neuron cell bodies are located in the
Ganglia
What is not a type of coagulation disorder
Plasminogen
What is the most common type of circulating white blood cells?
Neutrophils
What is the first mechanism employed by the body to alter blood flow through the capillary beds based on local homeostatic needs?
Autoregulation
_________ are specialized receptors in certain vascular walls that monitor systolic pressure and provide sensory information to the brainstem for regulating overall blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?
Referred pain
What is the process of focusing an image of the retina by changing the shape of the lens called?
Accommodation
The taste buds contain slender sensory receptors known as what
Gustatory cells
Of the pleural linings, witch one adheres directly to the lung tissue?
An increase in the body’s core temperature will have what effect on phagocytosis during an immune response?
An increase in the body’s core temperature will have what effect on phagocytosis during an immune response?
Increase/Enhance Phagocytosis
Witch of the following in not a property of immunity?
Replication
Vitamin K, B5 and biotin are all produced where?
Liver
Witch in not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone
Witch is not a disease of the thyroid gland
Diabetes Mellitus
__________ develops when the posterior pituitary gland no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH or the kidneys fail to respond to ADH
Diabetes insipitus
What structure are necessary for maintaining osmotic integrity and normal bioeletrical balance.
Salts
This type of metabolism allows for the greatest yield of ATP
Aerobic
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What is the primary function of the cremaster muscle in the male body.
To help maintain testicular temperature
What structure within the ovary allows for oocyte growth and meiosis I of oogenesis to occur?
Ovarian follicle
__________ is a prolonged, and often painful, erection that is not associated with sexual arousal.
Priprism
_________ is a fatty mass of tissue that projects into the lumen of a vessel.
Plaque
How long does it take for the fertilized egg to migrate to, and implant on, the uterine wall?
8 days
The secretion of this hormone by the placenta and corpus luteum, causes flexibility of the public symphysis so as to facilitate delivery.
Relaxin
The pressure contributed by a signal gas is the _________ pressure of that gas.
Partial
