MAINTENANCE OF PLANT HEALTH Flashcards
NAME 3 PHYSICAL METHODS OF CONTROL OF 3 NAMED PLANT PESTS
- netting over cabbage to prevent large cabbage white butterfly from laying eggs on brassica leaves
- hand or water jet removal of aphids
- hunting and removing snails and slugs at night
- tree guards to protect against rabbits
- mesh netting as barrier against carrot root fly
- beer traps for slugs
STATE 2 GARDEN PRACTICES THAT CAN DISTURB THE NATURAL BALANCE OF PLANT PROTECTION IN A GARDEN
- use of nitrogenous fertilisers can make growth soft and susceptible e.g. to aphids
- overuse of pesticides will kill beneficial organisms and may lead to resistance
- not rotating crop e.g. potatoes to protect against potato cyst eelworm
- introducing infected plants, equipment or material into the garden
- cutting hedges during nesting season for birds
- composting infected or diseased material
NAME 4 BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS AND ONE DISTINCT PLANT PEST CONTROLLED BY EACH
- hedgehogs for slugs
- ladybirds for black bean aphids
- lacewings for thrips
- thrushes for snails
- blue tits for aphids
NAME 2 WAYS OF ENCOURAGING BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS INTO A GARDEN
- use plants that attract pollinating insects
- avoid pesticides that may affect beneficial organisms
- install log piles andnest boxes to encourage predators eg hedgehogs, birds
- provide water in a pond with shallow sides for frogs that eat slugs
- leave food for birds e.g. blue tits
NAME 3 BENEFITS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS IN A GARDEN
- avoids use of chemicals and build up of resistance
- avoids direct damage to beneficial organisms in the food chain
- avoids physical damage to the plant
WHAT IS MEANT BY BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS
Biological control is the use of naturally occurring or ‘produced’ predatory, pathological or parasitic organisms for the control of pests
NAME 3 LIMITATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS IN A GARDEN
- there must be a sufficient population of pest present to support predator, pathogen or parasite population
- predator may require specific temperature to thrive, limiting use to glass houses
- some damage may have been done before pests is brought under control
- greater skill and knowledge required, e.g. timing is critical
NAME 3 BENEFITS OF CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS IN A GARDEN
- used correctly chemical control targets pest, disease or weed at most susceptible time
- may reduce damage to crop if applied early
- may reduce time and labour cost of crop production
- generally quick and simple to use
- can be used preventatively
- can be fast acting and pest specific
NAME 3 LIMITATIONS OF CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS IN A GARDEN
- pests and diseases may build up resistance to chemicals
- may harm beneficial organisms
- may leave harmful residue on food crops
- expense
- operator needs to be wear protective clothing
- may damage plants in the vicinity
STATE THE MEANING OF PHYSICAL CONTROL OF PESTS
Physical control is the use of direct physical action to protect plants or destroy pests, diseases or weeds using e.g. physical barriers, hand picking of pests and cutting off infected material
NAME 2 METHODS OF PHYSICAL CONTROL AGAINST 2 NAMED DISEASES
- removing and burning stumps and roots affected by honey fungus
- removing and burning rose prunings and cuttings affected by blackspot
EXPLAIN THE TERM CULTURAL CONTROL
Cultural control is the use of good horticultural practices to reduce the incidence of pests, diseases, weeds and plant disorders
NAME 3 EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL CONTROL
- Provide correct growing conditions (light, soil pH, drainage)
- Do not compost infected material
- Keep equipment sterile
- Control weeds
- Do not import infected material
NAME 3 BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL CONTROL METHODS
- safer for the environment than potentially harmful chemicals
- safer for the operator than chemicals
- no risk of developing resistance
NAME 3 DRAWBACKS OF PHYSICAL CONTROL METHODS
- knowledge of pest life cycle is required
- physical barriers can make access to crops cumbersome
- crop can be damaged by removing affected material
- crop must be closely watched and action taken swiftly once pest identified
NAME 6 EXAMPLES HOW RISKS TO PEOPLE AND ENVIRONMENT BY CHEMICAL PESTICIDES CAN BE MINIMISED
- read and follow instructions carefully
- do not apply in adverse weather e.g. wind
- do not apply in the middle of the day to avoid harming pollinators
- wear appropriate personal protective equipment
- avoid contaminating water courses
- store in original container in lockable container
- avoid pesticide where possible
- identify pest correctly
EXPLAIN THE TERM CHEMICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASES
Chemical control is the use of organic and inorganic compounds and products to kill pests and diseases
DESCRIBE HOW THE SELECTION OF PLANTS CAN HELP AVOID PLANT HEALTH PROBLEMS
- selecting suitable plants for the soil, light, pH etc
- buying certified seed and stock
- inspecting plant material for pests and disease
- select resistant cultivars
- avoid pot bound plants
- insure roots are healthy
NAME 2 PLANTS SUITED TO ACID SOIL
- Pieris japonica
- Camellia japonica
- Rhododendron hirsutum
NAME 2 PLANTS SUITED TO WATERLOGGED SOIL
- Cornus alba
- Hydrangea paniculata
- Hosta fortunei
NAME ONE EXAMPLE OF USE OF A RESISTANT CULTIVAR TO MINIMISE PLANT HEALTH PROBLEMS
- Potato ‘Sarpo’ is resistant to potato eelworm and blight
2. Carrot ‘Flyaway’ is resistant to carrot rootfly
EXPLAIN THE TERM NATURAL BALANCE IN RELATION TO PEST AND PREDATOR
Natural balance occurs when both pest and predator are present.
An increase in pest numbers will lead to increase in predator numbers due to increase food supply
As pest numbers are reduced, food supply for predator is reduced and their number falls.
The pest and predator are in a natural balance
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE OVERUSE OF PESTICIDES AFFECTS PESTS AND DISEASES IN THE GARDEN
- could kill beneficial organisms e.g. hoverfly or ladybird
2. could kill all the pest and affect natural predator/pest balance e.g. black bean aphid
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE OVERUSE OF FERTILISERS CAN AFFECT PESTS AND DISEASES IN THE GARDEN
Excess nitrogenous fertiliser use will lead to soft sappy growth which is prone to attack by peach potato aphids
GIVE AN EXAMPLE HOW THE OVERUSE OF HERBICIDES CAN AFFECT PESTS AND DISEASES IN THE GARDEN
- weeds may become resistant e.g. to glyphosate
2. habitats and food for wildlife may be destroyed
DESCRIBE METHODS WHICH CAN MAINTAIN THE BALANCE OF PLANT PEST POPULATIONS
- crop rotation
- diversity of plants leading to diversity of pests
- leave wildlife areas e.g. log piles
- use biological controls e.g. Encarsia formosa to control glasshouse whitefly
NAME ONE PREY OF HOVERFLY AND ONE MEHTOD OF ENCOURAGING IT INTO THE GARDEN
Hoverfly is predator of peach potato aphid
It is encouraged by providing open centred flowers for pollination
NAME ONE PREY OF HEDGEHOG AND ONE METHOD OF ENCOURAGING THE HEDGEHOG INTO THE GARDEN
Prey: slugs, snails and beetles
Encouraged with habitat box under hedge or dense undergrowth
NAME ONE PREY OF BIRDS AND HOW THEY CAN BE ENCOURAGED INTO THE GARDEN
Prey: caterpillars, insects and snails Encouraged by providing - range of plants including those with fruits - trees and shrubs for nests - water - food
NAME ONE PREY OF THE LADYBIRD AND HOW THEY CAN BE ENCOURAGED INTO THE GARDEN
Prey: black bean aphid
Encouraged by providing pollen in open centred flowers
and leaf litter for overwintering of adults
NAME ONE PREY OF FROGS AND HOW THEY CAN BE ENCOURAGED INTO THE GARDEN
Prey: moths, mosquitos, slugs and snails
Encouraged by ponds with sloping sides and wetland areas
NAME 3 PLANTS FOR SHADE
Digitalis purpurea Alchemilla mollis Acanthus mollis Ajuga reptans Primula denticulata
NAME 3 PLANTS FOR DRY SOIL
Lavandula angustifolia
Melianthus major
Iris germanica
