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Psychology : Approaches In Psychology > Main Ideas > Flashcards

Main Ideas Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the study of the brain before 1870

A

The study of the brain was either medical (purely physiological) that dealt with mental health issues or severe brain damage, or it was philosophical.

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2
Q

When was the first psychology lab

A

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological Laboratory in Leipzig in 1879.

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3
Q

When was the first American psychological laboratory

A

Granville Stanley-Hall opens the first American lab in 1883.

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4
Q

When was the American Psychology Association founded

A

1892

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5
Q

When was the first British psychology lab

A

1891

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6
Q

When was the British Psychology Society founded

A

1901

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7
Q

What is introspection

A

The observation of one’s own mental processes in order to gain insight

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8
Q

How were participants trained

A

Participants were taught how to report on their experiences using a controlled stimulus (e.g a metronome)

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9
Q

What were participants asked to do

A

Participants were asked to observe their feelings and mental processes and report on the intensity, duration, and quantity.

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10
Q

What were wundts focuses

A

Objectivity, systemic reporting, standardised procedures, replicability, and participants observing and reporting.

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11
Q

Explain ~1890s psychology

A

Sigmund Freud explores psychodynamics - using psychodynamics as a therapy and introspection as a means of finding the causes of issues

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12
Q

What is psychodynamics

A

Psychodynamics is the relationship and interactions between the conscious mind and the levels of the subconscious mind

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13
Q

What was the new wave of psychology after 1900 and what did they think

A

The new wave of psychology were the behaviourists. They were unhappy with introspection and it’s not observable by a third party so it’s hard to gain objectivity. You CANNOT see into the mind. You can only study the input (stimulus) and the outcome (behaviour)

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14
Q

Who were the 3 main behaviourists

A
  • 1890s : Parlov
  • 1913 : Watson
  • 1953 : Skinner
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15
Q

Who were the two main psychologists of the 1960s

A

Maslow and Bandura

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16
Q

What did bandura think ?

A

Bandura developed SLT : social learning theory. Behaviour is a result of stimuli and social interaction could have an impact on behaviour. Mental processes also have an impact - this includes cognitive process (meditational processes)

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17
Q

What did Maslow think

A

Maslow was a humanist. He believed that humans were able to be studied like anything else. Attempts to study humans scientifically only reduces humans down to what we are NOT. Humans = anti scientific.

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18
Q

What was psychology post 1960

A

Post 1960 cognitive psychology was developed

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19
Q

What is cognitive psychology

A

Cognitive psychology thinks that humans brains act like a computer. Different behaviours and actions come from different processes. The way humans are can be set down to a number of processes.

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20
Q

What was psychology post 1990

A

Post 1990 psychology was biological psychology. The study of psychology with genetics and biological ideas. The use of scanning and genetic analysis can help understand how humans work.

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21
Q

What is modern psychology

A

Modern psychology mainly a blend of biological psychology and cognitive psychology. Though introspection is making small comebacks

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22
Q

What is the process of classical conditioning

A

UCS —> UCR
UCS + NS —> UCR (association)
NS (now conditional) —> CR (was unconditional)

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23
Q

What is extinction

A

If the neutral stimuli is not reinforced with the unconditional stimuli then the neutral stimulus looses the ability to produce a reaction

24
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

Following extinction if the CS and UCS are paired together the association between them is made much more quickly.

25
Q

What is stimulus generalisation

A

The same reaction my occur from stimulus that are similar to the CS

26
Q

Name a modern use of introspection

A

Csikszentmihalyi - testing teenagers’ happiness throughout the day and found that teenagers are happiest when given challanges

27
Q

when was pavlovs dogs

A

1927

28
Q

Outline the main idea behind operant conditioning

A

the main idea behind operant conditioning is that organisms randomly produce behaviours and based off of the consiquence they will either repeat them or not

29
Q

Who came up with operant conditioning

A

Skinner

30
Q

Name the types of reinforcment and describe them

A

Positive reinforcment - occurs when the random behaviour produces a pleasant or satisfying result.
negitive reinforcment - they remove unpleasant things so the animal goes back to being satisfied E.g pressing the off button on an alarm clock

31
Q

What is variable ratio reinforcment

A

although rewarding every the behavior everytime the action is displayed, rewarding the behavior every 3 times (example) instead of every time is more effective

32
Q

what is punishment

A

a consequence of a behavior that isn’t pleasurable

33
Q

Why do reinforcers work

A

Reinforces increase the S-R bonds (stimuli - response bonds) so when a certain stimuli is present the behavior will occure

34
Q

What is the main idea of social learning theory

A

All behavior is acquired from observing others

35
Q

define modelling in SLT

A

A model is a figure in which someone looks up to when observing a behavior.
There are two type of models
live models - could be a parent, teacher, friend etc
A symbolic model - someone portrayed in the media

36
Q

define imitation in SLT

A

Behavior is learned through reinforcement but much of what is learned is through imitating the behavior of a model. imitation can occur very quickly

37
Q

What are the three factors that dictate if a behavior is imitated?

A
  1. The characteristics of the model
  2. Is the behavior possible for you to replicate?
  3. What are the observed consequences from the behavior
38
Q

What is identification in SLT

A

identification is the extent to which someone relates to the model. in order for someone to identify with the model they must feel that they are similar enough to the point where the outcome of the behavior will be similar

39
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Observing the consequences of the behaviour when displayed by others.

40
Q

what are mediational processes

A

Cognitive processes that intervene with the learning of behavior to determine wether the behavior will be replicated or not

41
Q

Name and define the mediational processes

A

Attention - The behavior must get the attention of the individual
Retention - The behavior must be retained and mental representations of the behavior must be stored
Reproduction - The individual must have the ability to reproduce the behavior
Motivation - the individual must see a reward/reason to do the behavior that OUTWEIGHS the cost

42
Q

What are focuses of cognitive psychology

A

how information is perceived, stored, manipulated, and interpreted

43
Q
A
44
Q

What is the role of schemas

A

Schemas allow us to take ‘shortcuts’ in processing huge amounts of information on a daily basis. They might cause us to exclude certain information as it might not fit with our schema

45
Q

How do genes affect behaviour

A

Genes also pass on psychological characteristics that effect behaviour- eg intelligence

46
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous systems

A

The central nervous system- CNS
The brain and the spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system- PNS
The somatic and autonomic nervous system

47
Q

Describe the physiology of the brain

A

Outer surface is the cerebral cortex
Cerebrum divided into two half’s (the hemispheres)
The hemispheres are further divided into two lobes (4 total)

48
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

When an impulse reaches the end of a neurone a chemical is secreted- this chemical is a neurotransmitter

49
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory - transmitters that trigger a receiving neurone and activate the brain
Inhibitory - transmitters that inhibit nerve impulses and calm the brain

50
Q

Describe each defence mechanism

A

Repression - unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts. Though repressed they are not in the unconscious and will effect behaviour
Denial - refusal to accept reality
Displacement - putting emotion onto someone else ‘taking it out’ - normally onto something weaker/smaller

51
Q

Describe the oral stage

A

0-2 years - focus on the mouth

52
Q

Describe the anal stage

A

2-3 years - beginning of ego development, pleasure through holding or excreting shit

53
Q

Describe the phallic stage

A

3-6 years - focus on genitals - Oedipus complex / electra complex. Boys hate the father and have castration anxiety (punishment from father) to resolve they identify with the father

54
Q

describe the latent stage

A

6-12 years - mastery of the world around them. Conflicts and issues are now repressed and child is unable to remember much of early years

55
Q

Describe the genital stage

A

12+ years - sexual energy in genitals and exploring sexual development

56
Q

What are the 5 stages of the hierarchy of needs

A

1- physiological
2 - safety
3 - love/belonging
4. Esteem
5 - self actualisation

57
Q

What are 3 points of comparison

A

Determinism, nature vs nurture, ‘scientificness’

Psychology : Approaches In Psychology (3 decks)

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