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Psychology : Approaches In Psychology > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define science

A

Find out systematically and objectively about the physical world using observation and experimentation

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2
Q

Define psychology

A

The scientific study of the mind and behaviour

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3
Q

Define systematic

A

Working according to fixed / controlled, standardised plan or system

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4
Q

Define objectivity

A

Not influenced by personal feeling or emotions when considering facts

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5
Q

Define empiricism

A

Based on test experimentation, not theory or logical argument

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6
Q

Define the scientific method

A

Systematic observation, measurement and experimentation, and the formulation, testing and modification or hypothesis

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7
Q

Define replicable

A

Finding the same results with the same methodology

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8
Q

Define predicable

A

Behaviour is set from prior experience

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9
Q

Define inference

A

After repeated instances of a behaviour to a stimulus, making conclusions about the fundamental nature of the mind on the basis of these observations

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10
Q

Define the behaviourist approach

A

Human behaviour is learned and not biological - also unhappy with introspection as it’s unobservable

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11
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

The process of a neutral stimuli being associated with an unconditional stimulus- causing this stimulus to be able to produce the conditional response

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12
Q

What operant conditioning

A

Learning through reinforcement or punishment. If a behaviour has good consequences then it will appear more often

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13
Q

What is punishment

A

The application of an unpleasant consequence. The punished behaviour is less likely to occur

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14
Q

What is reinforcement

A

Anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood that it will reoccurs

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15
Q

What is identification

A

When someone wants to be associated or similar to a significant other. They will adopt their behaviours

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16
Q

What is imitation

A

The coping of someone’s behaviour

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17
Q

What are meditational processes

A

The internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and the response made by an individual to those conditions

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18
Q

What is modelling

A

A process where someone learns a particular behaviour based of observation or another individual performing that behaviour

19
Q

What is social learning theory

A

Learning through observing others and imitating behaviour that is rewarded

20
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

Learning that is not a result of direct reinforcement but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour

21
Q

What is the biological approach

A

Views all humans as biological organisms and so provides biological explanations for all aspects of psychological processes

22
Q

What is neurochemistry

A

The study of chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system

23
Q

Define cognitive

A

In relation to mental processes

24
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

The area of psychology dedicated to the underlying neural bases of cognitive function

25
Q

Define the computer model

A

Computer analogies to represent human cognition

26
Q

Define inference

A

Reaching a logical conclusion based if evidence and reasoning

27
Q

Define schema

A

A mental framework that helps to organise and interpret information.

28
Q

What are theoretical models

A

Simplified models or representations of a particular mental process based off current research

29
Q

Define evolution

A

The change over successive generations of the genetic makeup of a particular population

30
Q

What is a gene

A

A part of the chromosome of an organism that carries generic information in the form of DNA

31
Q

What is a genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual.

32
Q

What is a phenotype

A

The physical characteristics of an organism that comes from interactions with the environment

33
Q

What is neurochemistry

A

The study of the chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system

34
Q

What are defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious strategies that protect our conscious mind from anxieties

35
Q

What is psychoanalysis

A

A term used to describe the personality theory and therapy associated with Sigmund Freud

36
Q

What is the unconscious

A

The section of the mind that contains repressed ideas and memories as well as primitive desires and impulses that are not in the conscious mind

37
Q

What are conditions of worth

A

Conditions imposed on an individuals behaviour and development that are considered necessary to earn positive regard from others

38
Q

What is congruence

A

A state where the ideal self and reality are similar

39
Q

Define humanistic

A

The beliefs that human beings are born with the desire to grow, create, and love, and have their own power to direct their lives

40
Q

What is self actualisation

A

Rogers used it as an he drive to realise one true potential. Maslow used it as his final stage in the pyramid of needs

41
Q

Define determinism

A

Behaviour is determined by external or internal factors acting upon the individual

42
Q

Define nature

A

Behaviour is a product of innate biological processes

43
Q

Define nurture

A

Behaviour is a product of environment

Psychology : Approaches In Psychology (3 decks)

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