Main Findings

Question 1

Milgram. Conclusions.

Answer 1

1. Obedience to destructive orders can be achieved from the majority of individuals if the right sets of conditions are established.
2. The situation a person is in has the power to override conscience and morality in the name of obedience. This seems to support the situational hypothesis.

Question 2

Reicher and Haslam. 1. And 2.

Answer 2

1. For the first 3 days the prisoners were compliant and hard working due to the possibility of promotion to a guard (group permeability existed).
2. When group permeability was removed on day 3, the prisoners began to plan collective action to undermine the guards. Their group identity strengthened.

Question 3

Reicher and Haslam. 3

Answer 3

On day 5 when the new prisoner arrived, the prisoners compliance to prison rules declined even further. This may be because the prisoners arrival created the possibility of change in their situation.

Question 4

Reicher and Haslam. 4.

Answer 4

On day 6, when the announcement was made that the allocation of roles was random, the system failed completely. Prisoners broke out of their cells and occupied guard quarters. Guards and prisoners then decided to establish a commune with all individuals having equal status in this new social structure.

Question 5

Reicher and Haslam. Conclusion.

Answer 5

Members of subordinate groups will try to join the dominant groups as long as they are permeable. However, subordinate groups can gain a strong identity when groups are impermeable.

Question 6

Reicher and Haslam. Conclusion 2.

Answer 6

Tyranny is not inevitable when there are 2 groups of unequal power but can result when a group fails to function effectively, loses it identity and there appears to be no hope of change.

Question 7

Piliavin. 1.

Answer 7

Confed who appeared ill (cane) received spontaneous help 95% of the time compared to confederate who appeared drunk - 50% of the time. On average can victim helped within 5 seconds of collapsing.

Question 8

Piliavin. 2.

Answer 8

The victim who was black and appeared drunk was the least likely to receive help than any of the others.

Question 9

Piliavin. 3.

Answer 9

The model intervening after 70 seconds was likely to lead to help from other passengers than the model intervening after 150 seconds.

Question 10

Piliavin. 4.

Answer 10

No strong relationship between the number of bystanders present and the speed of helping behaviour. The diffusion of responsibility with a greater number of bystanders was not witnessed for these groups.

Question 11

Piliavin. Conclusions. 1.

Answer 11

Helping behaviour is determined more by the characteristics of the situation than the characteristics of the individual. Bystander responses are determined by weighing the costs and benefits of helping and not helping.

Question 12

Piliavin. Conclusions. 2.

Answer 12

Specifically bystanders on a train are very likely to help others if they collapse, unless they appear drunk. Men are more likely to help than women.

Question 13

Freud believed from his analysis of the case that: 1.

Answer 13

Little Hans was experiencing an Oedipus complex. The phobia of horses was really a fear of his father. The white horses with blinkers and black around the mouths were the most feared as they represented the bespectacled, moustached father.

Question 14

Freud believed from his analysis of the case that: 2.

Answer 14

The giraffes in Little Hans dreams represented his parents. The tall giraffe crying out represented his father objecting to him coming into the parental bed in the mornings. The crumpled giraffe represented his mother.

Question 15

Freud believed from his analysis of the case that: 3.

Answer 15

The 2 dreams nearing the end of the phobia represent the resolution of the Oedipus Complex. Little Hans replaces his father as his mums main love object, but his father still has the role of grandfather. The plumber dream represents Hans identifying with his father and wanting to be more like him.

Question 16

Freud. Conclusion.

Answer 16

Little Hans fear of horses was the consequence of an unresolved Oedipus Complex. When he resolved the Oedipus Complex, his symptoms disappeared.

Question 17

Samuel and Bryant. Findings. Experimental condition:

Answer 17

The mean number of errors is lowest for the one-judgment condition. The fixed array condition has the highest number of errors.

Question 18

Samuel and Bryant. Findings. Age:

Answer 18

The mean number of errors decreases as the children get older, illustrating that their ability to conserve gets significantly better with increasing age.

Question 19

Samuel and Bryant. Findings. Materials used:

Answer 19

The children made fewer errors when conserving number compared with mass and volume.

Question 20

Samuel and Bryant. Conclusions.

Answer 20

1. Children can conserve at an earlier stage than predicted by Piaget. By asking one question rather than 2, this reduces the demand characteristics of the procedure (challenges).
2. Children’s ability to conserve gets better with age (supports).

Question 21

Bandura Ross and Ross. Findings. 1.

Answer 21

Children who observed the aggressive adult role model made far more imitative aggressive responses than those in the non-aggressive or control group.

Question 22

Bandura Ross and Ross. Findings. 2.

Answer 22

Boys were more likely to imitate same-sex adult role models than opposite sex adult role models. The evidence for girls imitating same sex models more than opposite role models was not strong.

Question 23

Bandura Ross and Ross. Findings. 3.

Answer 23

Children who observed non-aggressive role models/control groups - displayed fewer aggressive acts.

Question 24

Bandura Ross and Ross. Findings. 4.

Answer 24

Boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls. Little difference between verbal aggression between girls and boys.

Question 25

Bandura Ross and Ross. Conclusions.

Answer 25

When children observe adult role models beings being aggressive, it has the effects of legitimising such behaviour and therefore weakening the child’s inhibitions to aggressive behaviour.

Question 26

Loftus and Palmer. Findings. Experiment 1:

Answer 26

Wording of Q had an effect. ‘Intense’ - higher estimates. E.g, ‘Smahed’ - average estimate 40.8 mph. ‘Contacted’ - 31.8 mph.

Question 27

Loftus and Palmer. Findings. Experiment 2:

Answer 27

Wording of a Q did have an effect on whether people recalled seeing broken glass. Verb ‘smashed’ - 16/50 recalled seeing broken glass. ‘Hit’ - 7/50.

Question 28

Loftus and Palmer. Conclusions.

Answer 28

Leading Q’s after an event can distort an individual’s memory of an event.

Eyewitness testimony is not always accurate.

Question 29

Milgram. Findings.

Answer 29

1. All 40 participants administered electric shocks up to 300V.
2. 26 participants (65% of the sample) administered electric shocks up to the maximum shock level (450V).
3. The comments, behaviour and reactions of participants was noted.