Main Events Cold War Flashcards
How did Stalin prevent Marshall aid from spreading and extending to Eastern Europe
Between 1947 to 49 the USSR spread its influence in Eastern Europe and created a buffer zone of satellite states. This was done through the Soviet Union taking advnatage of a countries economy and using communism in order to appeal and convince countries to join its cause.
How did the USSR treat satellite states
Gave them little power - used strict rules and punishments e.g imprisonment
forced them to take orders about how to run their country- had to follow under Moscow’s rules used the single-party satellite state in order for this to happen
control maintained through fear- using brutal leadership and the army
ruthless police force and ensuring leaders obeyed orders from Moscow (KGB- secret police force)
What is NATO
Set up in 1949
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a security alliance of 30 countries from North America and Europe.
NATO’s fundamental goal is to safeguard the ‘Allies’ freedom and security by political and military means.
Purpose of NATO
To protect themselves from communist countries such as China and USSR and to send them a message that they are against communism (USSR developed a bomb USA saw this as a threat)
Purpose of warsaw pact
To fight back against NATO if they were to attack and to send them a message that they can fight back
Why was West Germany joining NATO a threat
Powerful armed West Germany on the borders of the East (allies with Western Europe who were more armed with nuclear weapons, greater quality weaponary, thriving economy)
Arms race timeline origins 1941 - 1956
1943 Tehran conference, 1945 Yalta confefence , 1945 Potsdam conference (3 conferences)
1945 USA dops A bomb on Japam
1946 Iron curtain speech
1947 Truman doc and marshall plan and Comniform
1948 Berlin blcokade
1949 Comecon, Nato, end of blockade due to airlift.
1953 Koren war, Khrushchev power
1955 wasaw pact
1956 hungarian uprising
How would Khrushchev approach to the cold war given people hope.
What happened as a result
After Stalin died Khrushchev took over (1956).
‘Secret speeches’ against Stalin hinted to a relaxation of Soviet control.
Hungarian believed in a peaceful co-existence and possible solution to the cold war. As a result they attempted to start an uprising during the rule of Imre Nagy.
What happened during Geneva meeting 1955
Discussed about disarmament , both sides knew that reducing spending on weapons would be positive even though they are on different sides they want to stop snd reduce conflict
Causes of optimism that the war will end
Anti stalin speeches from Krushchev - shows that he is not a dictator like Stalin. This shows that there may be some hope in negotiating
End of Korean war 1953 - Soviet Union and USA no longer in confilct through joining forces with both South and North Korea
Both sides keen to spend less on weapons and Geneva meeting relatively friendly - this shows that peace can be established between the two countries and a possible attempt to end war
Soviet rule on Hungary
Rakosi used terror and brutality to keep control such as purges, imprisonment and secret police
Failure of 5 year plan- led to mistrust and poverty throughout Hungary
Living standards falling in 1952 Hungary experienced lowest ever agricultural output ever
1956 poor harves and bread shortages resulted in Hungarians to demonstrate. As a result Imre Nagy appointed as PM to resolved the situation.
Key featutes of marshall plan
Communism appealed to the poor and so USA bribed European countries to stay capitalist.
Countries have to trade to get money with the USA
USA gave $13 billion in Marshall aid to rebuild Europe.
Sixteen European countries had accepted aid
USSR criticises Marshall plan as an attack on them as it threatened Communist control
Key features of truman doctrine
Countries had a choice to pick a side communism or capitalism
Communism was bad since it meant people werent free
USA had to stop communism from spreading
USA would provide troops and money for countries in to help free governments from communist takeover
Effects of the battle between West and East Germany
Led to Berlin crisis / berlin wall
Berlin blockade and airlift
What is the berlin airlift
The Berlin airlift was a 1940s military operation that supplied West Berlin with food and other vital goods by air after the Soviet Union blockaded the city.
The operation lasted from June 1948 until September 1949. (1000 tonnes everyday for 11 months , no casualties , Berlin survived , USSR evil , USA good.)
Key features of comniform
(Communist Information Bureau)
Organised all Eastern European parties and arranged their leadership so they would do what the USSR told them
Got rid of opposition to USSR control in the satellite states
Encourages comunist parties to protest against Marshall aid
Key features of comecon
(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
USSR version of marshall plan
Made up of all satellite states
Built trade links between comecon countries
Prevented comecon countries receiving marshall aid
What caused the berlin blockade
USA wanted Germany to become a strong capitalist country to trade
USSR wanted Germany to be divided so it can never attack the USSR
USA,UK and France made big decisions about their zones without consulting Stalin
Stalin felt like this went against Yalta and Potsdam conferences
Stalin viewed the creation of Deustchmark and trizonia (created in 1948) as the West ganging up on the Soviets and a way to drive them into poverty
What was the Berlin blockade
June 1948 Stalin shut off land routes across Soviet-Germany to Berlin to show a divided country didn’t work. As a result this blocked all supplies into Berlin.
What did the Berlin blockade achieve and effects of Berlin blockade
Made USA look peaceful and generous
USSR made to look evil
Blockade made it so Trizonia couldn’t communciate with Berlin and also cutted off land routes so supplies couldn’t be delivered. If this worked Stalin would have gained huge propaganda success in expense of the West
Reasons for Hungary demonstrations
Declining living standards declining but the Soviet Union said positive things about them
State spending on arms and lying to public
Toppled Stalin statue caused by the Hungarian uprising represents that they are against communism
No freedom, strict rules,censorship of media
What did the death of stalin cause
Eventually replaced by Khrushchev – de-Stalinisation, criticises Stalin’s policies. Talks of “peaceful co-existence” leads to hope for better relations. Appears less hard-line than Stalin
What happened in the Korean war (1950-3) and what did it show
US sent troops to help South Korea fight against Communist north.
Shows that the US are willing to fight communism. Clear sign to USSR that capitalism dislikes them
What happened during the Hungarian revolution
Hungarian Revolution – Khrushchev feared Nagy’s reforms would encourage other satellite states to do the same.
Nov 1956- 200,000 Soviet troops enter Hungary to despose of Nagy and restore order
Causes of Hungarian uprising
Causes: 1) De-Stalinisation and Khrushchev’s ‘Secret Speech’ gave Hungarians hope that there would be reform in Hungary.
2) Matyas Rakosi was a cruel leader, imprisoning 387,000 people, killing 2000 leading to demonstration within Hungary
3) Imre Nagy appointed as PM after demonstration. He created reforms to leave the Warsaw pact
Key feature of Hungarian uprising
Key features: 1) Khrushchev made Imre Nagy Prime Minister
2) Nagy then announced he wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact
3) this led to Khrushchev sending in 35,000 troops and 1,000 tanks.
Consequences of Hungarian uprising
Consequences:
Hungary remained Communist and Nagy was executed as an example to other communist countries that they could not leave the Warsaw pact.
The USA condemned the invasion but by failing to support Nagy they showed that their commitment to Europe did not include military support. Consequently, other countries were discouraged from trying to leave Communism.
5000 Hungarians killed and 1000 Soviet troops dead - (35,000 troops and 1000 tanks invaded)
New leader Janos Kadar appointed who introduced the Fifteen Point Programme to restore communist rule. Althoug, their living standards who better than some other East European countries
What was Stalin’s motives behind the Berlin blockcade
He wanted to proove that a divided Germany didn’t work
And gambled to see if the USA would give up
If they did he woukd gain huge propaganda success in expense of the West
What is Comecon
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance aimed to co-ordinate Eastern European economies – Stalin’s answer to Marshall Plan
What did the creation of both military alliances cause
worsened relations further, increased division
What happened between the period 1980-84
The USA boycotted the 1980 Olympic Games, which were held in Moscow. 60 other countries joined the US boycott. (The Soviet Union and 14 communist countries responded by boycotting the Los Angeles Olympic Games four years later)
What did the boycott (1980-84) achieve
It made increased tension between both countries
Both countries gained less income
Moscow made to look bad on TV as there isn’t many competitors or audience from different parts if the world joining (embarrasing for Soviet Union)
Berlin Wall/Berlin Crisis: Effects
It stopped East Germans escaping to the West and ended the refugee crisis
It allowed Khrushchev to avoid war with the USA but still look strong
The wall became a powerful symbol of the division of Germany and the division of Europe.
After Kennedy’s speech in 1963, West Berlin became a symbol of freedom.
Many people in Berlin died trying to escape from the East to the West (200 died)
Berlin Wall/Berlin Crisis: Causes
The failure to come up with a long-term solution after the Berlin Blockade meant that inevitably tensions
would continue over what to do with Berlin.
USSR was losing the Arms Race so couldn’t use force to threaten USA.
Prevented East Berliners from spending money, working and viewing propaganda in the West.
Prevented the ‘Brain Drain’ of well-educated professionals from defecting to the West
Prevented people ‘spying’ on East Berlin
Khrushchev thought it would give him the ‘upper-hand’ in East-West relations.
Why did the Berlin wall fall
Schabowski on November 1989 improvised a slightly mistaken answer to a press conference question about the future of the Berlin Wall.
Leading to many East Berliners to flock towards the wall and pass through.
Many of the guards around the wall were confused but were ordered to open the gates and let them through.
It was a celebratory moment for both sides and many people celebrated ontop and around the wall.
The Berlin Wall came down on the evening of November 9, 1989
Cold war crisis 1958-68
1958 Khrush demands West tropps to leave W berlin
1959-60 Geneva, camp david and paris
1960 -kennedy President
1961 Bay od pigs and vienna and berlin wall built
1962 13 days of crisis
1963 hotline set up and assassination of Kennedy
1964 Brezhenev takenpower
1967 outer space treaty
1968 Dubcek leader , prague spring , start of Détente
Cold war end 1972-91
1972 Salt 1
1975 helsinki ,apollo- soyuz mission
1979 invasion of afghanistan
1980 Us boycott Moscow, second cold war
1981 regan president
1983 Evil empire , SDI
1984 USSR boycott LA
1985 Gornachev comes to power, Geneva
1986 Reykjavik summit
1987 INF
1989 fall of berlin wakl
1991 dissolution if communism
Why did the Britain,USA and Soviet Union work together
They were members of the grand Alliance (created 1941) which worked together to defeat Nazi Germany
When was the Tehran conference
Novemer-December 1943
When was the Yalta conference
Febuary 1945
When was the Potsdam conference
July-August 1945
Positives of the Tehran conference
USA and Britain agreed to open up a second front by invading Nazi-occupied Europe
Soviet declared war on Japan once Germany was defeated
International body was agreed to be set up (UN)
Negatives of the Tehran conference
Poland would gain territory from Germany and lose it to the Soviet Union
Positives of the yalta conference
Germany, when defeated would be reduce,divided and demilitarised and pay for reparations.
Europe rebuilt along Atlantic charter (countries would have democratic elections)
United Nations set up
Soviet would declare war on Japan after Germany was defeated
Poland would be within Soviet sphere of influence. However, have a broader democratic basis.
Negatives of the yalta conference
Britain and USA wanted Germany to recover whereas the USSR wanted Germany to be kept weak
Britain and USA feared Poland would be controlled by USSR
USSR wanted Germany to pay high reparations whereas Britain and USA disagreed
Positives of the Potsdam conference
Council of Foreign Ministers set up to organise rebuilding Europe and created peace between many countries
Nazi party banned and war criminals prosecuted
Germany split into 4 (run by Britain,France,USA and Soviet Union) - Berlin divided into zones of occupation
Negatives of the Potsdam conference
Soviet Union would only received 25% output from the other three occupied zones
What was the overall outcome of the conferences
Britain, USA and Soviet Union were able to work together to defeat Germany (surrendered May 1945). Tension between allies inceased as differences emerged over the future of Germany.
Furthermore, the death of Roosevelt has led Truman to become president leading to mistrust between the USA and Soviet Union. As he pushed him around during the Potsdam conference thanks to the saftey of the atomic bomb.
Additionally, after the war Britain had become economically exhausted. As a result it had to ally with the USA for economic aid. Therefore increasing tension within the Cold War
Capitalism ideology of communism
Ideology of capitalism
Communism enslaved people to the state (corrupt)
Ideology of capitalism:
Everyone should be free to make money for themselves
Individuals are better at deciding what to make/sell than the state
Trade between countries increase profit
Communist ideology of capitalism
Ideology of communism
Capitalism is exploitative and made the richer even richer
Ideology of communism:
Communism is fair
Working together for thr same aim is stronger than individuals
State should control the economy and run it as it is beneficial
When was the long telegram created
What was it
1946
What was it:
Secret report from US ambassador to Truman. It said that the Soviet saw capitalism as a threat to be destroyed
The soviet Union was increasing its military power
Peace between the two was not possible
When was the Novikov telegram created
What was it
1946
Soviet ambassador told Stalin that the USA wanted world domination and built up its military strength
Soviet Union was the only country left to stand up against the USA
USA was preparing for war against the Soviet Union
What happened to free election eithin the Soviet Union and its satellite states
At Potsdam and Yalta the Soviets agreed to have free elections. However, elections were fixed for the Communist party to win and non-communists were removed.
As a result the countries became a single-party state
What were the impacts of Soviet occupation in Eastern Europe on the relayion between the two superpowers
USA:
USA saw the takeover of Eastern Europe as a betryal of the Yalta conference.
USA determined to stop communism from spreading ‘policy of containment’ through the marshall plan and Truman Doctrine.
Eastern Europe was a stepping stone for Soviet takeover of the West
Soviet Union:
US reponse was uncessary sand unreasonable.
What were Truman’s concerns of the Soviet expanse and growth
Europe may become communist after the war due to its economic exhaustion.
In many other countries people were hopeless. As a result they may embrace communism.
Many in Eastern Europe had been liberated by Nazi rule. As a result this may create trust between them.
Poland,Roman and Bulgarai had communism governments forced upon them. Truman feared this may happen more.
Countries too poor to rebel against communism
Domino theory may occur within Europe if Greece and Turkey became communist.
When was both the Truman Doctrin and Marshall plan created
Truman Doctrine: 1947
Marshall plan: 1947
When was both Comiform and Comecon created
Comniform: 1947
Comecon: 1949
Consequences of Truman Doctrine and Marshall plan , Comniform and Comecon
West Europe within one camp linked to the USA through the Marshall plan and ‘policy of containment of communism’
Eastern Europe within one camp. It was tied to the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union believed socialist revolution would spread worldwide.
As a result of the divided ideologies of the countries. The line which divided these two became known as the Iron Curtain
What is the warsaw pact
Warsaw Pact was a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe. To go against NATO if they attacked.
Significance of NATO
After the Berlin blockade and the Soviet Union’s development of an atomic bomb neither the USA nor West European government were prepare to accept Soviet aggression
Soviet Union strengthened control over the East in 1955 (Warsaw pact)
Two military alliances now formed
USA’s aims with Germany
Creation of Bizonia (USA and Britain formed as one). Later on, the French zone of occupation was added to form West Germany.
This was done to divide Germany to prevent spread of communism and encourage trade
Consequences of West Germany being created
Stalin thought that West Germany went against the agreements made at Potsdam. He suspected the USA attempted to divide rich and poor Germany.
Consequences of West Germany being created
Stalin thought that West Germany went against the agreements made at Potsdam. He suspected the USA attempted to divide rich and poor Germany.
Soviet Union aims with Germany
Soviet Union wanted to keep Germany weak and communist so it would never be able to attack the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union had 1.5 million troops in its zones.
Eastern Germany gew almost all the food West Germany ate. Stalin aimed to keep East Germany poor
What happened within the divided Germany’s after the Berlin airlift
West Germany:
Made the USA appear peaceful and generous
April 1949 NATO formed
Sep 1949 West Germany Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) formed
East Germany:
Made the Soviet seemed aggressive
Oct 1949 East Germany German Democratic Republic (GDR) formed
May 1955 warsaw pact formed
Significance of nuclear arms race
Up to 1949 USA thought it could use its monoply of nuclear weapons to deter Soviet attack. The best strategy against the Soviet’s was nuclear weapons.
Theory of MAD evolved as nuclear weapons had developed. (Mid-1950’s)
Both USA and Soviet Union had to find ways of stopping disputes before nuclear destruction.
What is the warsaw pact
Set up on May 1955
Collective defence treaty involving Soviet Union and its satellite states
Significance of warsaw pact
Two opposing alliances in Europe
Both alliances planned to use military action of nuclear and conventional warfare
Warsaw pact strengthened its grip upon Eastern Europe (direct control over forces)
Main reason for the Invasion of Hungary
Nagy’s reforms:
Leave the warsaw pact and become a neutral country
Hold free elections
UN protection from Soviet Union
Khrushchev feared that this would cause a domino theory with other satellite states if Hungary managedd to leave.
Reactions to the Soviet Invasion of Hungary
UN condemmed the actions of Soviets. Some countries boycotted the 1956 Moscow olympics.
USA supported Hungary’s uprising with money,aid and words but no military support.
As a result satellite states saw that the USA was unable to defend them. Soviet controll tightened across the East
Significance of West Berlin
West Berlin was deep inside Soviet-controlled East Germany. As a result this gave the USA a foothold against the Soviet Eastern bloc.
Germans did not like the communist government. Furthermore, there were more opportunities within West Berlin. As a result USA increased in popularity as people travelled towards the West.
When/What was the refugee problem in Berlin
Consequences of the refugee problem
1949-1961
2.7 million East Germans crossed from the East to the West. East Germany had a shortage of skills ‘brain drain’ whereas the West benefitted from its popularity and influx of skilled workers.
As a result the Soviet Union’s image looked bad whereas the USA seemed good and benfitted through propaganda
when/what was Khrushchev Berlin Ulitmatum
Nov 1958
Stated that all Berlin belonged to the East and all occupying troope must leave in six months.
The Soviet Union was unable to win through force (shortage of nuclear weapons). As a result a series of summit meeting took place
When was the Camp David summit
Sept 1959
When was the Paris summit
May 1960
When was the Vienna conference
June 1961
Outcome of Geneva Summit
No solution agreed but a further summit otganised for Camp David in the USA
Outcome of Camp David Summit
No solution agreed but a further summit otganised for Camp David in Paris
Outcome of Paris Summit
Khrushchev stormed out because the Soviet Union had shot down a USA spy plane over Russia.
When was the Geneva Summit
May 1959
When was the Geneva Summit
May 1959
Outcome of Vienna conference
Neither willing to back down. Khrushchev saw Kennedy inexperience and reissued the ultimatum.
Outcome of Vienna conference
Neither willing to back down. Khrushchev saw Kennedy inexperience and reissued the ultimatum.
When was the Berlin wall built and finished
Built on-August 1961
Finished on - October 1961
What was the importance of Kennedy’s vist to Berlin
When did Kennedy visit West Berlin
1963
He claimed Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner). His speech was an expression of solidarity with the people of West Berlin.
This showed that the USA and NATO were prepared to defend West Berlin.
What is détente
Period of relaxation and tension between the two rivals.
When was détente
1970
What/when is Salt 1
1972 (Strategic Arms Limitation Strategy) - superpowers agreed to limit nuclear weapons.
No further production of strategic ballisti missiles
No increase in ICBMs
No nuclear missile launchers
Only two ABM deployment areas (Anti-Ballistic missile treaty)
How effective was Salt 1
Slowed down the arms race by placing limits on bomber and ICBMs
Led to further negotiations (Salt 2 1979)
Neither side had a decisive advantage in stategic nuclear weapons.
Did not cover intermediate nuclear weapons, which both sides deploy
When/what was the Helsinki conference.
1975
All European countries agreed on security issues,cooperation,human rights and borders.
Importance/limitations of Helsinki conferences
Importance:
Security- no country to interfere in the internal affairs of another country
Cooperation- USA agreed to buy oil from the Soviet Union and they bought wheat from the USA
All dispute settled through UN
Sharing of scientific findings
Human right- Countries should respect human rights, freedom of speech,religion,movement and information.
Borders- East and West Germany accepted each other
Limitations: Soviet Union continued to apply Brezhnev doctrine.
USA continued to use its power to influence countries like Chile and El Salvador
What is Salt 2
Arms control management that marked the end of détente. The treaty was never ratified due to Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
They were based on Vladivostok Accords (1974) and was signed during Vienna.
Each superpower had a limit of 2250 warheads and imposed limits on new launch systems.
Why did Salt 2 fail
West German politicians opposed the treat, they feared it would decrease saftey of West Germany (2400 limit to nuclear delivery vehicles)
US politicians believed too many concessions were created to the Soviet Union
US-Soviet relation soured after 1979 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
How succesful was Salt 1 and Salt 2
Arms control agreement had only set out s limit of the number of warheads/missiles ceach country had. Although thid created a system where neither side could destroy the other (nuclear deterrence)
What did Ronald Reagan do
He described the Soviet Union as an ‘Evil Empire’- this was not diplomatic-1983
He kick-started the arms race again
US technology developed fast in the 1980s
USA poured money into developing new missile technology
What crisis occurrd in the Soviet Union during 1985
Economy was poor,too much arms spending
Living standards very low
Did not have the US computing expertise
Could not keep up with the USA’s new missile technology
What happened during Geneva 1985
Both Reagan and Gorbachev got on well and agreed to more meetings
What had changed in Reagan’s change of heart
Public opinion against the arms race
Gorbachev was popular in West Europe and United States
Reagan liked Gorbachev and was prepared to improve US-Sovuet relations.
What was the significsance of the changing attitudes of the leaders (Reagan and Gorbachev)
Represented an easing of the Cold War tension
Led to greater cooperation between the two
Led to arms control agreements, the INF Treaty and START 1
What happened during the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Soviet Union saw Afghanistan as in it sphere of influence. This meant that President Taraki’s government had to be communist.
When President Taraki was assassinated during civil war and replaced by Hafizulla Amin, Soviet Union influence was theatened in Afghanistan
Brezhnev ordered an invasion (1979) Babfaj Karmal was made president. Amin and many others killed.
USA intervened along with thr Mujahideen.
Why was Carter worried of the Invasion of Afghanistan
USA feared Soviet Union would gain control
Possible Soviet influence over Iran. As a result msy block Middle East oil to the USA.
What was the Carter Doctrine
A police that:
Threatened to use force if the Soviet attempted to take control of the Persian Gulf
No longer impose economic sanction to support the Soviet Union
USA and allies would secretly support the Mujahideen
USA confronted against communism.
When was the Carter Doctrine
January 1980
What happened after the end of SALT 2
1980 USA broke off diplomatic relation with Soviet Union, US senste refused to sign SALT 2.
USA developed conventional and nuclear weapons whereas the Soviets also developed medium range weapons. The US-Soviet arms race developed.
What happened during the 1980 Olympic games
In 1980 the USA boycotted the Olympic games in Moscow in retaliation against the invasion of Afghanistan.
consequences of 1980 Olympic games
Soviet Union boycotted the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic games. As a result this brought an end to the cooperation and sporting competitipn between the two countries
Moscow boycott- embrassed the Soviet Union as a select few countries attended on such a widespread event.
Consequences of Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
USA:
Persuaded that the Soviet Union are mistrustful
Supported the lead to the election of president Reagan (1980) anti-communist
Soviet Union:
Soviet troops remained in Afghanistan to keep Barbrak Karmal in power
Mujahideen attacked repeatedly increasing pressure to end the war
United States position during the Second World War
Recovered after its defeat in the Vietnam war- failed to stop communism
Developing information technollogy
Determined to stop communism
Prepared to fund anti-communist forces in Central America and South Africa
Soviet Union’s position during the Second World War
Declining with poor living standards
Aeging leadership and aeging technology in an economy 20% of the US’s.
Struggled to deal with anti-communist protests.
What caused the US-Soviet relation to deteriorate after Détente
1980-1984 boycotts
Election of Reagan
Increased military expenditure and SDI
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Break down of Salt 2
When was SDI created
March 1983
What was SDI
Satellite,mirrors and lasers in space which would destroy Soviet inter-continental missiles
Impacts of SDI
Soviet Union argued it broke the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and gave the USA an advanatge
When did the Berlin wall fall
November 1989
Significance of the Fall of the Berlin Wall for Germany
German reunification: East Germany ceased to exist and became part of a united Germany in 1990.
Soviet Unipn withdrew troops from East Germany.
Allied troops remained within West Germany.
Significance of the Fall of the Berlin Wall for superpower relations
End of the Warsaw pact July 1991
Withdrawl of Soviet troops from 1990 onwards
NATO continued and accepted members of the Warsaw pact
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START 1) reduced nuclear warheads (1991)
Conventional forces in Europe set limit of non-nuclear forces in Europe (1990)
