Main Definitions (CATB)

Question 1

Multi-store Memory Model

Murdock

Glanzer and Curtiz

Answer 1

two distinct parts to explain process of memory
-control processes (varies)
things that change from the individual’s control
influence how memory is encoded/retrieved

-structural components (universal)
sensory memory
unknown capacity
500ms
decay-fades away with time
needs attention to go to STM

short term memory
needs rehearsal
capacity 7+/-3 chunks
duration 30 sec
encodes phonetically or visually
displacement decay-forgetting because another thing replaces it

rehearsal and retrieval

long term memory
capacity unknown
duration unknown
interference decay-memories merge
retrieval failure-mem can’t be retrieved because missing stimulus, cue, or context

Question 2

Working Memory Model

Baddeley et all (1975) (experiment 1)

Answer 2

explains the complex processes of short-term memory, specifically working memory

central executive
monitors/coordinates functioning/acts as go between for info moving between these parts of working and LTM

visuospatial sketchpad
deals with visual info and spatial awareness-maps/faces

phonological loop
deals with operation and comprehension of verbal and written material-numbers/words

episodic buffer
holds info, allows it to be passed backwards and forwards between working and LTM
isolation—integration

LTM
three main components
-language
-episodic LTM
-visual semantics

Question 3

Schema Theory

Bransford & Johnson

Bartlett

Answer 3

Schema-mental representation of an individual’s pre-existing knowledge about the world and experiences
-cognitive filter-framework for memory
-based on experience and memory
-perception affects response and behavior

Ways we process schemas
-Pattern recognition-inputs “matched” to pre-existing knowledge
-Top-down- sensory inputs processed through existing mental representations
-Stereotyping-using fixed mental representation to perceive people

Question 4

Influence of technology on cognitive processing

Sparrow

Soares & Storm

Answer 4

Internet functions as a collective memory for more & more people
Transactive memory: system of collective memory which is shared between members of a group
Cognitive offloading: use of outside source to reduce the information processing requirements of a task (e.g., writing down information)

Question 5

Reconstructive Memory

Loftus 1995

Loftus and Palmer 1972

Yuille & Cutshall (1986)

Answer 5

theory of memory recall which can be influenced by many cognitive processes

reconstruction-rebuilding of a memory’s various components

memory encoding-constructive

memory retrieval-reconstructive therefore not reliable

response bias factor

Question 6

Two System Theory and Intuition

Batres & Shiramizu

Tversky & Kahneman (1973)

Answer 6

system 1-automatic system acts on impulse
system 2-efortful system lots of mental effort, deliberate and rational

heuristics-simple and efficient rules that guide decision-making, sometimes outside of conscious awareness (like a cognitive tool)

Question 7

Technology and Thinking & Decision-making

Frenda et al. (2013)

Coman et al.

Answer 7

With access to the internet, personal and collective memories become blended
Collective (transactive) memory changes over time with different generations

Misinformation can make collective memories untrustworthy

Question 7

Emotion

Ledoux

Brown & Kulik

Neisser & Harsch

Answer 7

Emotion-experiences or sensations in the body

Feeling-how we think about or interpret our emotions

primary-universal
secondary-complex and individual acts in accordance with interpretation of the experience

emotion increases attention
amygdala is the ‘early warning system’ before consciousness

flashbulb memory-vivd+detailed memories of the circumstances in which a person hears about a shocking, important, or emotional event