MAI - topics 1-4 Flashcards
Mind (T1)
All intellectual and psychological phenomena of an organism - the organized totality of an organism’s mental and psychic processes and the structural and functional cognitive components on which they depend
- non-physical
- related to consciousness
Brain (T1)
Organ located within the skull that is responsible for cognition, mental processes, and control of the body and its functions
- physical
Cognition (T1)
Mental functions assumed to be involved in the acquiring and processing of knowledge (ie. attention, learning, motivation, decision making, reasoning, moral judgement)
Intelligence (T1)
ability to collect information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason
Cognitive science (T2)
Field of study which aims to understand how people do various kinds of thinking
Importance of cognitive science to AI (T2)
We must understand our own mind first in order to recreate it in a machine
Theory of mind (T2)
Cognitive capacity to think about mental states, including emotions, beliefs, desires and knowledge, both our own and of others
Mind-brain problem - two perspectives (T2)
Substance dualism and reductive physicalism or materialism
Substance dualism (T2)
Reality divided into two different substances – material and spiritual
Humans have physical body and immaterial spirit – soul or mind
Reductive physicalism or materialism (T2)
Everything including minds is just matter in one form or another
All phenomena, including humans’ consciousness, feelings and actions are the result of physical properties and interactions
Epiphenomenalism (T2)
Distinction between mental and physical substances
Casual interaction between material body and immaterial mind
- Only body over mind
- Physical states give rise to mental states (but not the other way around)
Neuroscience and its importance (T2)
Behaviour is key in the mind-brain problem
Study the ‘output’ – human behaviour – speculate how they might think about or process a situation – reaction
Human behaviour (T2)
Human behaviour is defined as the way a person runs his/her life and directs his/her actions (agency)
Human behaviour emerges from the interaction of individual psychological components and the context influence
Consciousness (T2)
An organism’s awareness of something either internal (thoughts, feelings, memories, etc.) or external to itself.
Consciousness as ‘acting with knowledge’ requires a nervous system
Brain and AI (T3)
Intelligence is computation
The human brain and the interpreted automatic formal devices (such as the digital computer) are equivalent systems
Same type of system
What are the parts of neurons? (T3)
Some/cell body, dendrite, axon, neural impulse
Sensory neurons (T3)
Detect and respond to external signals – receive information from outside the brain – convert into electrical impulses – passed to CNS – send signals to spinal cord and brain
Motor neurons (T3)
Transmit signals to muscle cells – respond to signals from sensory neurons
Interneurons (T3)
Connect sensory and motor neurons – 99% of neurons – don’t receive information from sensors or transmit to muscles
CNS (T3)
Brain and spinal cord
Take in sensory information - process information - send motor signals
Nervous system (T3)
Major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body
Centre of all mental activity
CNS and PNS
Limbic system (T3)
Emotions, learning, memory, and behavioural patterns
Hormones that regulate the autonomic nervous system
Resonates with feelings and emotions connected to
- Hunger, thirst
- Motivation and reward
- Fight/flight/freeze
Cybernetics (T3)
Intellectual movement that is inspired by questions about how animals and humans maintain equilibrium within, and respond appropriately to, their ever-changing environment
Cybernetics vs AI (T3)
Less clearly defined than AI
- Computers – central
- Nervous systems – partially interested in human and animal NS
- Feedback – key to intelligent behaviour
- How animals and machines respond to environments key interest
Neurorobot (T3)
Robot controlled by a computer model of a biological brain
Neurorobots are robotic devices that have control systems based on principles of the nervous system
- Grounded and situated in a real environment
Machines according to Turing (T4)
Digital computers - discrete state machines
- Device with storage/memory, execute unit and control
- Store contains rules – what to do at each step
Artificial Intelligence (T4)
The automation of activities we associate with human thinking, such as decision-making, problem solving, learning
Set of algorithms that can produce results without having to be explicitly instructed to do so
Key principles of AI (T4)
Representation - Representation of problem we want to solve
Search - Find answers by searching among all possible answers for the best one (process determined by rules)
Computers (T4)
An interpreted automatic formal system
Formal system components (T4)
- Tokens - representations
- Starting state - the beginning (new for every program)
- Set of rules - the code/program
Algorith (T4)
An algorithm takes some input and uses mathematics and logic to produce the output
- step by step instructions
- finite process (will finish)
- solve any instance of the problem
Interpreted system (T4)
Use symbols which represent something real to solve problems and complete tasks
Automatic system (T4)
Do not require outside assistance to function, they can work on their own
Formal system (T4)
Has a set of tokens and it has a starting state, it follows a set of rules to complete tasks required by the user
Weak AI (T4)
Computer systems with intelligent behaviour but are not based on human mental processes and are narrow in behavioural scope
Strong AI (T4)
Computer not only a tool in study of mine – IS a mind
Purpose is to imitate human mental processes, and are built in the same we are
Three types of AI (T4)
Artificial narrow intelligence (weak)
Artifical general intelligence (strong)
Artificial super intelligence
ANI (T4)
The only kind of AI that exists today which is built to solve one problem and execute single task very well in a controlled environment
AGI (T4)
Theoretical concept of AI which has human level of cognitive functions invovling thousands of ANIs working in tandem, however the human mind still too complex to recreate with current resources
ASI (T4)
The logical progression from AGI which will surpass all human capabilities
- Making better art
- Emotional connections
