Madkers

Question 1

Why are genome sequencing better in prokaryotes

Answer 1

-no introns so genome can be used directly to sequence proteome

Question 2

DNA into vector

Answer 2

-plasmid cut using restriction enzymes
-exposes sticky ends
-DNa fragment sticky ends are complementary to plasmid sticky ends
-ligase helps binding with condensation reaction and phosphodiester bonds

Question 3

For vector insertion

Answer 3

-Cell membrane of host must be more permeable so host cell mixed with calcium ions and heat shocked

Question 4

3 issues with identifying transformed cells

Answer 4

-recombinant plasmid doesnt get inside the cell
-plasmid re-joins before the DNA fragment entered
-DNA fragment sticks to itself instead of inserting into plasmid

Question 5

3 types of marker genes

Answer 5

-Antibiotic resistant genes
-Genes coding for fluorescent markers such as jellyfish
-Enzyme genes , lactase turns substance blue to colourless

Question 6

PCR method

Answer 6

-Temo to 95 brekas hydrogen boonds and splits DNA into single strands
-Decreased to 55 degrees so primers can attach
-Polymerase attatches complementary free nucleotides and makes new strand to align to each template

advantages
automated = efficient
rapid
dont need living cells

Question 7

DNA probes

Answer 7

-short single stranded DNA
-ised to locate specific alleles
-done by sample being heated to make single stranded and then mixed with probes which are created to be complementary to range of different allels
-if do have allele identified by using uv light

Question 8

DNA hybridisation

Answer 8

-When dna heated to seperate double helix and mixed with complementary single stranded DNA and once cooled complementary strand will anneal ( join)

Question 9

Personalised medicine and genetic counselling

Answer 9

-allows doctors to select medicine and give health advice of genotype
-counselling is a type of social work which gives people advice and info following disease screening

Question 10

VNTRS

Answer 10

-Variable number tandem repeats
-probability of 2 being the same very low
-done by restriction enzymes cutting DNA
-seperation in small wells in agar gel with bufffer and electrical voltage
-DNA moves towards positive and agar gel creates resistance allowing smaller pieces to move faster which seperates different lengths
-alkaline then added to seperate double strands
-dna pribes added
-band position compared to identify genetic relationships