Macronutrients

Question 1

Functions of proteins

Answer 1

Tissue maintenance and growth

Fluid balance

Acid-base balance

Hormones and enzymes synthesis

Immune function

Energy (only in ketosis)

Question 2

Lipid functions

Answer 2

Energy source

Structural components of membranes

Signaling molecules

Lubricants in the body

Question 3

Essential lipids are

Answer 3

Linoleic & linolenic acid

Question 4

Exogenous sources of carbs, proteins and lipids

Answer 4

Animal and plant foods = proteins and lipids

Plant foods only = carbohydrates

Question 5

Differences between soluble and insoluble fiber

Answer 5

Insoluble = decreases transit time in GI, can bind to other compounds and is not absorbed

Soluble = increases transit time in GI, creates a gel matrix which slows overall absorption of intentional tract contents and is absorbed

Question 6

Ketone bodies

Answer 6

Are produced under ketosis (low carb/glucose levels)

Ketone bodies are used by brain cells and made in the liver

Question 7

Benefits of dietary fiber

Answer 7

Low in fat and high in minerals

Have a high satiety value

Question 8

Two conditionally essential AAs

Answer 8

Cysteine and Tyrosine

• Phe is a precursor of Tyr
• Met is a precursor of Cys

Question 9

Complete protein

Answer 9

Contains all 9 essential amino acids

Egg gelatin and all animal proteins except for gelatin

Question 10

Incomplete protien

Answer 10

Lacks at least 1 essential amino acid

All plant proteins except for soy and quinoa

Question 11

PDCAAS

Answer 11

Determines digestibility of a protein

Higher score denotes easily digestible

Question 12

How much protein is need per kg daily

Answer 12

0.8g per kg

Question 13

N-balance

Answer 13

Protein intake vs urea concentration

Positive N-balance = more protein is being consumed than excreted
- children and pregnant women need to be in positive N-balance

Question 14

Artificial sweeteners

Answer 14

Compounds used as sugar substitutes

• provide less calories than real sugar

Question 15

Treatments for lactose intolerance

Answer 15

Avoid lactose containing foods altogether

Using lactase enzyme treatment (I.e tablets)

Consuming cultured dairy products.

Question 16

Trans fatty acids clinical importance

Answer 16

Associated with adverse health effects such as

Increased LDL / decreased HDL levels

Cardiovascular diseases

Question 17

LDL

Answer 17

Bad cholesterol, formed in liver and takes cholesterol to tissues/vessels

Increase cardiovascular disease risk

Question 18

HDL

Answer 18

Good cholesterol, takes cholesterol from the body to the liver where it is excreted

• decreased cardiovascular disease risks

Question 19

Serum vs dietary cholesterol

Answer 19

Serum cholesterol levels correlated with risk of heart diseases (high levels = bad)
- derived from saturated fat intake

Dietary cholesterol levels are less correlated with heart disease (high levels = meh)
- derived from dietary fat intakes

Question 20

What increases serum triglyceride levels?

Answer 20

Overweightt/obesity

Physical inactivity

Cigarette smoking

Excess alcohol consumption

High carb diets (especially simple sugars)

• High serum TGs correlate with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease *

Question 21

Alcohol metabolism

Answer 21

Similar to fat, metabolized by liver

Yields a toxic byproduct (acetaldehyde)

Alcohol metabolism decreased gluconeogenesis and ultimately lowers glucose levels in blood.

Question 22

Recommendations for alcoholic intake

Answer 22

• alcohol serves no dietary benefits*
• 1 drink a day for women
• 2 drink a day for men