Macronutrients Flashcards by Laura Baird

What are the macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats

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What is the definition of macronutrients?

A large amount that is required by the body

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What are the 4 Chemical structures of carbohydrates?

Monosaccarides
Disaccarides
Polysaccarides
Ogliosaccarides

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How many sugar sugar molecules in? 
A. Monosaccarides
B. Disaccarides 
C. Polysaccarides
D. Ogliosaccarides

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3-9
D. 10’S-1000’S

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What is the recommended daily intake RDA of carbohydrate for a sedentary individual? IN % and G

% = 40-50
G= 300

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What is the recommended daily intake RDA of carbohydrate for a physically active individual? IN % and G

% = 50-60% 
G= 400-600

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What is the oxidation rate of Carbohydrate?

1.3-1.8g/min

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What are the 3 Components of Carbohydrate?

CHO
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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Sources of Carbohydrate

Pasta, Bread, Rice, Potatoes, Fruits, Cereals

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What does the excess CHO’S get stored as and where?

Glycogen in the Liver

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Examples of Monosaccarides?

Glucose
Fructose
Glactose

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Examples of Disaccarides?

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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Examples of Polysaccarides?

Amylose
Glycogen
Cellulose

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What is the main 4 roles of carbohydrate in the body?

Energy source
Affects Metabolic Mixture (Spares protein)
Prevents Ketosis (raised keytones in body)
Fuel for CNS

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What is the most common simple sugar?

Glucose

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Whats the chemical formula for glucose?

C6 H12 O6

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What is Glycogenolysis?

Reconverts glycogen to glucose

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What is Glucogenesis?

When molecules 100’s-1000’s combine to form glycogen

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What is Glycemic index?

How quickly food is converted to glucose

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What is Glycemic Load?

How much blood sugar levels are expected to rise after consumption

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What is considered a low, medium and high GI?

LOW: <55
MEDIUM: 56-69
HIGH: >70

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Examples of Low GI foods

Beans, fruit, milk, pasta, porridge, lentils

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Examples of Medium GI foods

Orange juice, honey, basmati rice, wholemeal bread

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Examples of High GI foods

Potatoes, white bread and short grain rice

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What is the normal blood glucose concentration?

5.5mmol/L

What are lIpids?

Fats:oils and wax related compounds

What are the 3 classifcations of lipids?

Simple Derived Compound

What are simple lipids?

Triglycerols and Waxes

What are compound lipids?

Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Lipoproteins

What are derrived lipids?

Fatty acids, Steriods, and Hydrocarbons

Where fat mainly stored?

Adipose tissue

What are the 4 Types of Simple lipids?

Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fats

What are the bonds found in a. Saturated fat b. Unsaturated fat c. Monounsaturated fat d. Polyunsaturated fats

``` a = single bonds b= double bonds c= 1 double bond along main carbon chain d= 2 double bonds along main carbon chain ```

Examples of saturated fats?

lamb, pork, chicken, egg yolk and dairy fats.

Examples of unsaturated fats?

avocado, vegetable oil and nuts

Examples of monounsaturated fats?

olive oil

Examples of Polyunsaturated fats?

sunflower and corn oil

What is Hydrogenation?

The changes of oils to semisolid compounds ie. hydrogenation would make margerine solid.

What is the RDA For lipids? | In % and G

``` %= 30 G= 25-30g ```

What percentage should saturated fats not go above?

10%

What do compound lipids consist of?

A triaglycerol molecule combined with other chemicals.

What is a phospolipid made from?

1 or more fatty acid molecules, a phosphorus containing group and a nitrogenous base.

What does hydrophilic mean?

Attracts water

What does hydrophobic mean?

Repels water

Where are lipoprotiens found?

The liver

What is HDL, LDL and VLDL

``` HDL= High density lipoprotien LDL= Low density lipoprotein VLDL= Very low density lipoprotein ```

Which one is the bad cholesterol?

LDL

Which one is good cholesterol?

HDL

What makes a derrived lipid different to the others?

It contains hydrocarbon rings

How is a derived lipid formed?

From simple and compound lipids through the hydrolysis process

What is the 4 roles of lipids in the body?

1. Energy reserve 2. Protection of vital organs 3. Thermal insulation 4. Transport medium for fat soluble vitamins and huger supressor

Do lipids contain a higher or lower ratio of hydrogen to oxygen than carbohydrates?

Higher!

Lipids transport the fat soluble vitamins what are they?

ADEK

What is the role of protein in the body?

Repair muscle tissue | Transport of amino acids for DNA

How many amino acids are there?

How many are essential and non essential?

12 Non essential | 8 Essential

Whats the difference between essential and non essential amino acids?

Essential needs to be obtained by food | Non essential are synthesized by the body

What are sources of protien?

Fish, egg, meat, poultry

What is the RDA of protien in % and G

``` %= 25-30 G= 75 ```

How are proteins structurally different to carbohydrates and lipids?

Proteins contain nitrogen and sulfur

What is glucose also known as?

Dextrose or blood sugar

What are sources of glucose?

Naturally in food | Digestion of complex carbohydrates- gluconeogenesis

What are the functions of glucose?

Directly as energy Stored as glycogen in the muscles or liver Converted to fat and stored for energy

What is fructose also known as?

Levulose or fruit sugar

Where can fructose be found?

Fruit and honey

Where is fructose stored?

Small intestine and absorbed into blood

What does galactose form?

Lactose

What does the body convert galactose to for energy?

Glucose

What are starch and fibre?

Forms of plant polysaccarides

What is the role of fibe?

Retains water gives the bulk to the food residues in the intestines

How does fibre aid gastrointestinal function?

Exerts scraping action of the cells on gut wall Binds/dilutes harmful chemicals Shortens transit time for food

What is synthesized from from glycogen during glucogenesis?

Glucose

What do hormones do?

Help regulate blood sugar levels

What does insulin allow?

Tissues to absorb glucose

What does glucagon stimulate?

Liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose concentration

What s hyperglycemia?

High blood glucose

What is hypoglycemia?

Low blood glucose

What is acidosis?

PH low and causes irreversable

What are 98% of dietary lipids

Triglycerides

What is a glycerol?

A 3 carbon alcohol molecule

What is the range of carbons for most fatty acids?

16-18

What breaks down lipids during hydrolysis?

Lipase

What is hydrolysis?

Breakdown of compound due to reaction with water