Macromolecules (WK 2)

Question 1

components of an atom

Answer 1

proton
neutron
electron

Question 2

how many electrons in the first shell/orbital?

Answer 2

2

Question 3

How many electrons in the second shell/orbital

Answer 3

8

Question 4

what is a covalent bond?

Answer 4

a very strong bond that occurs when atoms share their electrons with eachother to fill their outer shell.

Question 5

hydrogen bonds

Answer 5

attraction between hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms, is weaker than covalent

Question 6

ionic bonds

Answer 6

bond between positive and negative ions. weaker than cov and hyd bonds

Question 7

major macromolecules

Answer 7

carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
lipids

Question 8

van der walls forces

Answer 8

• Weak electrostatic attractions between molecules because of the differences in charge

Question 9

hydrophilic interactions

Answer 9

molecules that are able to dissolve in water because they are also polar. “water-loving” molecules

Question 10

hydrophobic interactions

Answer 10

repel water- an example includes fat

Question 11

properties of water

Answer 11

highly cohesive
solid water is less dense than liquid water
high heat capacity
high heat of evaporation

Question 12

water is highly cohesive. what does this mean?

Answer 12

water molecules are able to stick together- water molecules will stick together which is how plants are able to draw water up into cells

Question 13

solid water is less dense than liquid- what does this mean?

Answer 13

water molecules that are not moving as much (due to low temperature) have more ability to form up to 4 bonds with other molecules, so there is less space between each molecule and therefore is more dense than liquid

Question 14

What does a high heat capacity mean for water

Answer 14

extra heat has to be used to break hydrogen bonds- useful because if molecules were sensitive to heat, cellular functioning could not occur.

Question 15

Water has a high heat of evaporation- what does this mean?

Answer 15

water can absorb a lot of heat so can be evaporated faster

Question 16

purpose of nucleic acids

Answer 16

1. the creation of proteins

2. ability to pass genes onto next generation

Question 17

bonds in a nucleotide

Answer 17

Covalent bond between sugar on one nucleotide and phosphate group on another, which links them to eachother.
hydrogen bond between the base pairs that are complementary to eachother

Question 18

one unit of carb

Answer 18

monosaccharide

Question 19

2 unit of carb

Answer 19

disaccharide

Question 20

3-10 units of carb

Answer 20

oligosaccharide

Question 21

hundreds to thousands of carbs

Answer 21

polysaccharide

Question 22

hydrolysis

Answer 22

addition of a water molecule, which breaks the bond holding the carbohydrate chain together. monosaccharides are produced

Question 23

dehydration

Answer 23

the loss of a water molecule to form a disaccharide

Question 24

what differs in amino acid structure

Answer 24

the r group

Question 25

r groups have the ability to have different properties, what are they?

Answer 25

polar
non polar
charged (acid)
charged (basic)

Question 26

peptide bonds

Answer 26

link amino acids together

Question 27

different structure/ levels of proteins

Answer 27

Primary- amino acid sequence
secondary- amino acid/ beta pleated sheet
tertiary- secondary structure folds into a 3d formation
quaternary- only in some proteins- more than one peptide

Question 28

triaclyglycerol

Answer 28

common storage of fat

glycerol head group bonded to three hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Question 29

saturated fats

Answer 29

no double bonds, are linear in shape, can pack together lightly due to linearity, solid at room temp

Question 30

unsaturated fats

Answer 30

one or more double bonds (creates a bend), more difficult to pack tightly together, liquid at room temp

Question 31

types of configurations in fatty acids

Answer 31

cis

trans

Question 32

cis fatty acids

Answer 32

double bonds that have hydrogen on the same side of the carbon chain- has a bent or kinked shape

Question 33

trans fatty acids

Answer 33

double bonds which have hydrogen on opposite sides of the carbon chain- has a more linear shape

Question 34

phospholipids have….

Answer 34

a charged phosphocholine group bonded to two fatty acid tails

Question 35

phospholipids are ….. in nature

Answer 35

amphipathic- both hydrophobic and hydrophilic in different regions