Macromolecules Test Flashcards
6 elements most common in living things:
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur (C, H, N, O, P, S)
small molecular unit that is a building block of a larger molecule
MONOMER
chain of monomers
POLYMER
LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF HOW MANY BASIC MACROMOLECULES?
4
WHAT ARE THE 4 BASIC MACROMOLECULES THAT COMPRISE LIVING THINGS?
CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
CARBOHYDRATES (AKA: WHATTTT?!)
SUGARS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
CARBOHYDRATE ELEMENTS:
CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN (IN A 1:2:1 RATIO- 1C:2H:1O)
CARBOHYDRATE MONOMER:
MONOSACCHARIDES (SIMPLE SUGARS)
carb POLYMER
POLYSACCHRIDE — REMEMBER… SACCHRIDE LITERALLY MEANS SUGAR!!
CARBOHYDRATE FUNCTION?
STORE ENERGY; THEY ARE THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIVING THINGS!
EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS)
LACTOSE, GLUCOSE, SUCROSE, FRUCTOSE, CELLULOSE, STARCH!
WHAT SHAPE IS A CARBOHYDRATE?
HEXAGON!!!!
LIPIDS… AKA WHAT?
FATS
LIPID ELEMENTS
CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN …BUT NOT IN A 2:1 RATIO NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT
LIPID MONOMER:
GLYCEROL (3 FATTY ACID CHAINS)
LIPID POLYMER:
TRIGLYCERIDE
LIPID FUNCTION:
A SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCE, BUILD HORMONES, BUILD CELL MEMBRANES
EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS
OILS, STEROIDS, WAXES
WHAT TYPE OF FATS ARE SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
ssSSSATURATED FATS (ssSSINGLE BONDS!)
WHAT TYPE OF FATS ARE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP
UNSATURATED FATS (DOUBLE BONDS)
ELEMENTS OF PROTEIN
CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, OXYGEN (NO SPECIFIC ORDER)
PROTEIN MONOMER
AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN POLYMER
POLYPEPTIDE
PROTEIN FUNCTION
PROVIDE LIVING THINGS WITH STRUCTURE
EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN
HEMOGLOBIN, ENZYMES
AMINO ACIDS ARE HELD TOGETHER WITH SPECIAL BONDS CALLED:
PEPTIDE BONDS
proteins have a __ shape that determines its ____
specific shape, determines its function
primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
1..chain of amino acids,2,..coils/folds3..combinations,4..solid 3d shape
nucleic acids elements:
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous … the only damn one ok?
Nucleic acid monomer
Nucleotide yuh
Nucleic acid polymer
nucleic acid duh
nucleic acid function
carry genetic information (it’s literally j dna and rna LMAOOOO)
examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA (only examples in world)
types of proteins
structural (provide support for cells/tissues), transport (carry substances through blood to the body), movement (responsible for muscle contraction), defense (protects body from pathogens), regulation (coordinate activity of different body systems)
examples of types of proteins:
structural: hair and nails
transport: hemoglobin
movement: muscle fibers and cytoskeleton
defense: antibodies
regulation: hormones + enzymes
Enzymes are ___
proteins, biological catalysts (catalysts are anything that speeds up a chemical reaction, ex. iron, vanadium oxide)
enzyme shape? enzymes are __
with a _______
globular (shaped like a literal blob LMAO)
but with a UNIQUE 3D SHAPE YASS ENZYME
what is an active site?
the location on the enzyme where the reactant binds (between the keyhole)
what is a substrate?
… the reactant molecule(s) that binds to the enzyme
EACH ENZYME ONLY CATALYZES (SPEEDS UP) ONE SPECIFIC CHEMOCAL REACTION
+B/C THEY’RE SO SPECIFIC AND THERE’S ALOT OF THINGS THE BODY HAS TO DO, THERE ARE OVER 4,000 ENZYMES PER CELL
HOW DO ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS
LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY (ENERGY NEEDED TO START)
-an uncatalyzed reaction requires more activation energy and a catalyzed one requires less!!!!!!
enzymes can bond reactant molecules together OR
enzymes can break reactant molecules apart
so the exact job of an enzyme is to
speed up a reaction by lowering the energy needed to start it!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
enzyme activity is specific to
temp, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration
enzyme characteristics
a. speeds up reactions b. lowers activation energy c. a protein d. REUSABLE e. specific pH and temp f. very specific shape and job
during the reaction the substrate is turned into
product
