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Macromolecules Study Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules contain ____-____ bonds

A

Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds

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2
Q

All ____ _____ are made of organic compounds

A

Living things

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3
Q

How many bonds can carbon form with other atoms?

A

4

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4
Q

What does SPONCH stand for?
(Must always contain a carbon and hydrogen)

A

Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Hydrogen

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5
Q

What are 4 organic compounds found in living things?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins

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6
Q

What does “mono” stand for?

A

One

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7
Q

What does “poly” stand for?

A

Many

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8
Q

What is a single unit of a larger structure?

A

Monomer

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9
Q

What are larger structures make up of monomers?

A

Polymers

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10
Q

What does a carbohydrate contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
(1:2:1 ratio)

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11
Q

Where does the term carbohydrate come from?

A

Used to describe oxygen atoms

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars

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13
Q

What do carbohydrates always end in?

A

“Ose”

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14
Q

What are 4 examples of carbohydrates?

A

Glucose, Sucrose, Fructose, Lactose, Maltose, and Ribose

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15
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Glucose

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16
Q

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

A

Disaccharides

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17
Q

Sugars contain high _________ bonds that provide energy for our bodies when consumed

A

Energy

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18
Q

What is a type of polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants?

A

Cellulose

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19
Q

Cellulose is a type of…

A

Fiber

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20
Q

What is chitin?

A

A polysaccharide found in cell walls and fungi
(Also in exoskeletons of insects)

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21
Q

What are lipids?

A

An organic compound

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22
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Chains of hydrocarbons called fatty acids

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23
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids/lipids

A

Saturated and Unsaturated

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24
Q

Does saturated fat contain double bonds?

A

No

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25
Does unsaturated fat contain double bonds?
Yes
26
Is saturated fat solid or liquid at room temperature?
Solid
27
Is unsaturated fat solid or liquid at room temperature?
Liquid
28
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
Because they are insoluble in water
29
What are fats primarily used for?
Energy storage
30
What is fat found in?
Animals and plants (But plants don’t store fat in adipose tissue like animals)
31
What is an example of how plants use fat for energy storage?
Seed energy storage (Ex-Cocoa Butter)
32
How many fatty acid chains do fat molecules have?
Three
33
What are two examples of how waxes are used in nature?
Coating on feathers in waterfowl to keep dry, and the waxy layer on a leaf to retain water
34
How many fatty acid chains do wax molecules contain?
One
35
What are examples of steroids?
Cholesterol, vitamins, and some hormones
36
What are anabolic steroids?
Steroids that are taken to enhance athletic performance (made in labs?)
37
How many fatty acid chains do steroids have?
Zero
38
Where are phospholipids found?
Cell membrane
39
How many fatty chains do phospholipids have?
Two
40
What direction are fatty acid tails facing in the cell membrane?
Facing inside because they are insoluble in water, and stick together to keep the cell intact
41
What do nucleic acids store that plays a vital role in our in cells?
Genetic information and energy
42
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
43
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base
44
What are possible nitrogen bases in a nucleotide? (Four)
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
45
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
46
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
47
Why can DNA differ?
Because there are four different nitrogen bases that can form different nucleotides in different sequences
48
What do proteins make up in our bodies?
Muscles and cartilage
49
What does the cell membrane contain that acts as doors to let stuff in/out?
Proteins
50
What do antibodies (made up of proteins) help prevent?
Infection
51
What helps speed up chemical reactions?
Enzymes
52
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
53
How many different amino acids are there?
Twenty
54
What do amino acids create thousands of depending on how they’re arranged?
Proteins
55
Polymers are linked amino acids known as peptides or polypeptides which form what?
Protein
56
Are protein structures complex?
Yes
57
What are the four possible dimensions proteins structures are set up as?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
58
What is a primary dimension of a protein structure?
The amino acids that make up the protein
59
What is a secondary dimension of a protein structure?
The characteristics of the protein and how its bonds and folds/bends
60
What is tertiary dimension of a protein structure?
The general 3d structure of the protein
61
What is a quaternary dimension of a protein structure?
The multiple peptide chains entangled into one functioning unit
62
What are enzymes their own class of?
Proteins
63
How would chemical reactions occur without enzymes?
Too slowly to survive
64
What are enzymes that break down sugars?
Carbohydrases
65
What are enzymes that break down proteins?
Proteases
66
What are enzymes that break down lipids?
Lipases
67
What are enzymes that join molecules together?
Polymerases
68
What are enzymes that transfer parts of molecules?
Transferases
69
What is a molecule that an enzymes acts upon called?
Substrate
70
What does amylase break starch down into?
Monosaccharides
71
What is amylase found in our bodies?
Our saliva
72
Why would amylase only react to the starch (substrate) in the bun. Why?
Because each enzyme only reacts to particular substrate
73
What is the specific area of an enzyme where it bonds to a substrate called?
The active site
74
Describe the enzyme-substrate complex?
It forms the complex until the reaction occurs, then are released
75
What is formed from the enzyme substrate complex?
Products
76
Using amylase and starch as an example, what are the products that are formed from the enzyme-substrate complex?
Smaller glucose molecules broken apart
77
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex
78
What are the two types of lipids?
Saturated and unsaturated
79
What are the types/examples of proteins?
Enzymes, hormones, antibodies
80
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
81
What are the chemical compounds of carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
82
What are the chemical compounds of lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (more H)
83
What are the chemical compounds of proteins?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (S few)
84
What are the chemical compounds of nucleic acids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Biology 1 (2 decks)

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