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Biology 1 > Biology Final Semester 1 > Flashcards

Biology Final Semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do you have a control when doing an experiment?

A

To have data to compare to the rest of the data.

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2
Q

How many variables do you change between your control group and experimental group?

A

One

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3
Q

What variable is changed in an experiment?

A

The independent variable

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4
Q

What variable is measured in an experiment?

A

Dependent variable

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5
Q

list steps of the scientific method

A

Observe, question, research, hypothesis, test, communicate/conclusion

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6
Q

List sections of a v-lab report

A

Prior knowledge, experiment, and gained knowledge

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7
Q

When do you use a line graph?

A

To show change over time (2 numbers)

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8
Q

When do you use a pie graph?

A

To show part of a whole

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9
Q

When do you use a bar graph?

A

When you’re comparing different catagories

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10
Q

Where does the independent variable go on a graph?

A

On the x-axis

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11
Q

What are the 8 major characteristics of life? (DOGRACEE)

A

DNA, organization, grow/develop, reproduction, adapt, cells, evolve, and energy

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12
Q

What is homeostasis? Give an example.

A

When an organism maintains a stable internal environment despite outside changes. Example: Our human bodies regulating our temperature

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13
Q

What is the difference between multicellular and unicellular organisms? Give an example.

A

Multicellular has multiple cells, while unicellular organisms are made of one. Multicellular: Humans, dogs, horses. Unicellular: Algae, fungi

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14
Q

What is the world’s most common solvent?

A

Water

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15
Q

Define organic

A

Any substance containing carbon based compounds

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16
Q

Define inorganic

A

A group of chemicals containing no carbon/hydrogen

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17
Q

What types of microscopes have been used in class?

A

Compound and dissecting microscopes

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18
Q

Who developed the compound microscopes?

A

Zacharias Janssen and his father Hans Janssen

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19
Q

How do you put a microscope away?

A

Put the lenses back on the smallest objective, wrap the cord around the arm, carry it back by the base, put the cover back on and put it away

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20
Q

What is the difference between compound, scanning, and dissecting microscopes?

A

Compound uses slides to view smaller specimens, scanning is what was used to view corona virus, and dissecting is for viewing larger specimens

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21
Q

How is a specimen magnification determined on a compound microscope?

A

Multiplying the magnification of the objective lense by the magnification of the eyepiece

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22
Q

Eyepiece function

A

Looks into lenses

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23
Q

Eye tube function

A

Keeps distance between lenses

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24
Q

Lenses function

A

Magnifies into eyepiece and looks at specimen

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25
Stage function
Holds specimens for viewing
26
Base function
Supports microscope
27
Arm function
Acts as support to eyepiece, stage, and lenses
28
Coarse adjustment knob function
Adjusts in larger increments
29
Fine adjustment knob function
Adjusts in smaller increments
30
In what type of plant cell would you find the most chloroplasts? Why? (Leaf or root)
In the leaf because photosynthesis happens through the stomata in the leaf
31
In what type of animal cell would you find a lot of mitochondria?
In the muscle (It uses a lot of energy)
32
Who was the first person to describe a cell and what cell was he looking at?
Robert Hooke was looking at the cork/plant cell
33
What is cell theory?
All cells come from preexisting cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all living things come from cells
34
Who was the first person to describe the nucleus of a cell?
Robert Brown
35
Who said all cells come from preexisting cells?
Rudolf virchow
36
Who said all plants are made of cells?
Matthias Schleiden
37
Who said all animals are made of cells?
Theodore Schwann
38
What are three things Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells have in common?
DNA, both can be single cell, cell membrane
39
What are three things Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells not have in common?
Eukaryotes DNA is inside the nucleus while prokaryotes floats, Prokaryotic is simple and Eukaryotes is complex, difference in specialized organelles
40
What are three ways you can tell if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
If the cell is simple or complex, if there is a nucleus or not, if its bacteria cell or not
41
What are four things plant and animal cells have in common?
Both have nucleus, both are eukaryotic, both are complex, and both have a cell membrane
42
What are three ways plant and animal cells are different?
Plant cells have bigger vacuoles, plant cells have chloroplasts, and a plant cell is square shaped
43
What are three ways the cell wall and the cell membrane different?
Cell walls are made of cellulose while cell membranes are made of lipids and proteins, cell membrane is thin while cell wall is thicker, cell wall is only found in plants
44
What are three ways the cell wall and cell membrane are the same?
Both protect the cell, provide stability, and serve as entry/exit
45
Cell wall function
Only found in plant cells, provides support/protection
46
Mitochondria function
Provides power for the cell and ATP phosphorylation
47
Golgi apparatus function
Packages and modifys products to be secreted (Store them)
48
Ribosomes function
Makes proteins to be secreted/transports molecules
49
Cell membrane function
Allows materials in/out of the cell (Protects cell)
50
Nuclear membrane function
Protects nucleus/keeps DNA separate
51
Cytoplasm function
Maintains cell structure/shape, host to metabolic process
52
Rough endoplasmic reticulum function
Processes proteins
53
Vacuole function
Stores food, water, and waste
54
Lysosome function
Digests excess organelles, food particles, and bacteria
55
Chloroplast fuction
Turns sunlight into chemical energy
56
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function
Makes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and alcohol
57
Nucleus function
Manages cellular functions (contains chromosomes/DNA)
58
Nuclear pores function
Allows passage of materials between nucleus/cytoplasm
59
Cytoskeleton function
Provides support for organelles/cells
60
Vesicle function
Transports materials inside the cell
61
What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?
Exocytosis spits materials out (Forms a bubble and pushes it out), while endocytosis takes in materials (eating it)
62
What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
Phagocytosis involves solids while pinocytosis involves liquids
63
How are diffusion, active transport, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion alike and different?
All involve movement of molecules across the cell membrane and regulates what enters/exits. Osmosis only involves water, while diffusion involves other molecules. Facilitated diffusion requires no energy while active transport requires energy
64
What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?
Solute gets dissolved while solvent does the dissolving
65
What are three passive processes?
Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
66
What are three active processes?
Active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
67
What type of diffusion do large particles have to use in order to pass through cell membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
68
What do we call the “doorways” embedded within the cell membrane?
Carrier and channel proteins
69
What organic molecule makes up most of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
70
Does active transport require the use of a membrane protein?
Yes it does
71
What is the definition of osmosis and describe how water moves in osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules. It moves from an area with fewer dissolved substances (like salt and sugar)
72
What is a real-life example of osmosis?
When a plant absorbs water from the soil
73
What two organic molecules make up the cell membrane?
Protein and phosphate heads
74
What is endocytosis? Does it require energy? Give an example of it in living things.
Involves folding in of cell membrane, requires energy. Example: White blood cells fighting infection
75
What is exocytosis? Does it require energy? Describe an example.
Opposite of exocytosis, exiting the cell. (Requires energy) Example: Digestive enzymes secreting
76
What is the definition of diffusion?
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
77
What is a real life example of diffusion occurring?
Perfume molecules moving across a room
78
What is the different between regular diffusion, and facilitated diffusion?
Regular diffusion requires no assistance while facilitated diffusion requires it
79
What does it mean to be “selectively permeable?”
Allows certain substances through while blocking others out
80
What does ATP stand for? Why is it so important for living things?
Adenosine triphosphate. It is important because it serves as the primary energy carrier in cells
81
What makes up an ATP molecule?
Triphosphate, ribose, and adenine
82
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+602 ——> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP (Glucose+Oxygen——>Carbon Dioxide+water+Adenosine Triphosphate)
83
Describe anaerobic respiration
It takes place in cytoplasm, does not require oxygen, and an organism that uses this process is yeast
84
Describe aerobic respiration
It takes place in the mitochondria, oxygen is used, an organism that uses this process is humans/animals
85
Why are anaerobic organisms usually always single celled and small?
They are well suited to low oxygen environments due to adaptability
86
What is the difference between net vs gross ATP yield?
Gross ATP yield is the amount of ATP produced during the process without considering energy costs. Net ATP is amount of ATP a cell gets to use after subtracting energy during process without considering.
87
What is the difference between anaerobic cellular respiration, lactic acid fermentation, and alcohol fermentation?
Anaerobic cellular respiration is energy, lactic acid and alcohol fermentation are simpler and produces different byproducts
88
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
CO2+H20+Sunlight——> C6H12O6+O2 (Carbon Dioxide+Water+Sunlight——>Glucose+Oxygen)
89
Why does chlorophyll appear green to your eyes? Where does photosynthesis take place in the plant cell?
It appears green because of the way our eyes reflect and absorbs light. (Our eyes reflect green) Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast

Biology 1 (2 decks)

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