Macromolecules/ Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

The chemistry of carbon compounds.

Study of carbon compounds

Question 2

What are the sources of variation we identified in class for organic molecules?

Answer 2

Hydrocarbons: which contains only carbon and hydrogen.

Hydrophobic because the c-c and c-h bonds are nonpolar.

Question 3

What are enantiomers?

Answer 3

Each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other

Question 4

What are functional group?

Answer 4

• have specific chemical and physical properties
• are the regions of organic molecules which are commonly reactive
• behavior consistently from one organic molecule to another.
  Their number and arrangement determines the unique chemical properties of the molecules of which they occur.

Question 5

Functional groups

Answer 5

Small characteristics groups of atoms that are frequently bonded to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules

Question 6

What types of reaction build macromolecules?

Answer 6

Dehydration reaction build macromolecules.

Reaction that removed a molecules of water as two molecules become bonded together

Question 7

What types of reaction break down macromolecules?

Answer 7

Hydrolysis is chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction of water

Question 8

How is the term polymer different from the term macromolecules.

Answer 8

Macromolecules are giant molecules formed by the joining of smaller molecules. ( dehydration reaction, proteins, carbohydrates or nucleic acid.)

Polymer a large consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bond.

Question 9

What is a monomer?

Answer 9

The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer.

Question 10

Identify each category of macromolecules that we discuss in class.

Answer 10

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 11

Describe the structure and each, using specific examples and identifying building blocks of macromolecules

Answer 11

Carbohydrates- sugars and their polymers( build sugar)
Lipids- fats, mostly hydrophobic molecules mainly made of hydrocarbons.
Proteins- (polypeptides)small building blocks called amino acids.
Nucleic acids- (DNA, RNA, ATP) the sequence of amino acids is programmed by genes( polymers).

Question 12

Describe the biological function of carbohydrates

Answer 12

Single monosaccharides- simple sugar.

Storage polysaccharides energy

Question 13

Function of lipids

Answer 13

Energy stared cell membranes harmonies vitamin D. Non polymer built from similar monomers.

Question 14

Proteins function

Answer 14

Enzymes structure gene regulation transport membrane hormone receptor, communication cellular. Motor movement.

Question 15

Nucleic acids function

Answer 15

Stores information recipe of proteins
Building proteins 
ATP is on energy molecules 
Polymers nucleic acids 
Monomers- nucleotide

Question 16

Describe the structure of storage polysaccharides as compared to structural polysaccharides

Answer 16

Storage polysaccharides- angles of bonds make helical shape that can branch, starch( plant ) and Glycogen(animal).

Structural polysaccharides- bonds in chain that do not branch (can bond to structural polysaccharides next to them) cellulose in plant ( parallel stands) chitin used as exoskeleton in insects.

Question 17

Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.

Answer 17

Saturated fat- no double fonds between carbon atoms in tail. With hydrogen.( solidify at room temperature, animal fats, atherosclerosis)

Unsaturated fat- chain of carbon contains double bonds. Not saturated with hydrogen. ( most will not solidify at room temperature, plant and fish oils.)

Question 18

What is the most important feature of a protein?

Answer 18

The most important role is building enzymes chemical catalysts that speed regulate virtually all chemical reaction in the cells.

Question 19

How does a proteins get its shape?

Answer 19

The way it folds and twists determines which molecules can bind to it.
Amino acids

Question 20

Describe primary proteins structure

Answer 20

The sequence( order) of the amino acids can affect the secondary structure.

Question 21

Secondary proteins structure

Answer 21

Hydrogen bonds from between areas along the amino acid chain at regular intervals forming spirals and folds
Shape alpha helix and pleated sheet.

Question 22

Tertiary proteins structure

Answer 22

Irregular bending and folding from many types of bonding.
Overall folding of the molecules
Due to multiple of types of bonds.

Question 23

Quaternary proteins structure

Answer 23

Polypeptide chains attached to each other.

Two tertiary polypeptide bond together to form quaternary.

Question 24

What factors can influence a protein’s shape?

Answer 24

Factors affecting shape

• pH, salt concentration, temperatures
• denaturation

Question 25

Describe denaturation

Answer 25

A protein unravels losing its specific shape and hence function

Question 26

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 26

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 27

What does RNA stand for

Answer 27

Ribonucléique acid

Question 28

Describe the difference between these DNA and RNA

Answer 28

1.) nitrogenous base DNA( ATGC) and RNA (AUGC)
2.) sugar: ribose( RNA) and deoxyribose( DNA)
RNA: double RNA signal
DNA only makes in the nucleus and doesn’t leave the nucleus.
RNA in/out of the nucleus