Macromolecules Flashcards
Physiologically important monosaccharides
- In cardiac tissue
- In proteoglycans
- In nucleic acids
- Lyxose
- Neuraminic acid
- Ribose
For the following sugars, identify the component sugars and the glycosidic bond.
- Maltose
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Glu - Glu; alpha 1-4
- Glu - Fru; alpha 1-beta 2
- Gal - Glu; beta 1-4
Physiologically important polysaccharide:
Homopolymer of glucose bound in alpha bonds. Source of carbohydrates in potatoes, legumes and vegetables
Starch
Physiologically important polysaccharide:
Polysaccharide of fructose.
Used in GFR determination
Inulin
Physiologically important polysaccharide:
Chief constituent of plant cell walls.
Glucose units are bound by what kind of glycosidic bonds.
Cellulose
beta 1->4
Storage form of high-energy phosphate. Name one example.
Phosphagen. Creatine phosphate found in: 1. Skeletal muscle 2. Heart 3. Spermatozoa 4. Brain
Most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane
Phosphatidylcholine
Essential fatty acids:
- C18:2 (9,12)
- C20:4 (5,8,11,14)
- C18:3 (9,12,15)
- Linoleic acid
- Arachidonic acid (becomes essential
- Linolenic acid
Essential fatty acids:
- C18:2 (9,12)
- C20:4 (5,8,11,14)
- C18:3 (9,12,15)
- Linoleic acid
- Arachidonic acid
- Linolenic acid
This fatty acid which may be synthesied from a-linolenic acid or obtained directly from fish oils, is present in high concentrations in retina, cerebral cortex, testis and sperm.
Docosahexaenoic acid 22:3 (omega 3 fatty acid)
The receptor for human cholera toxin in the small intestine
GM1 ganglioside
Name dicarboxylic acids (C2 - C10).
“Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet As Sugar!”
Oxalic Malonic Succinic Glutaric Adipic Pimelic Suberic Azelaic Sebacic
This lipid is an important signaling molecule regulating pathways including apoptosis, cell cycle and differentiation, and senescence.
Ceramide
This cerebroside is a major lipid of myelin
Galactosylceramide
This cerebroside is the major glycosphingolipid of extraneural tissues.
Glucosylceramide
Which type of fatty acid is found in:
A. Butter fat, beef fat, palm oil
B. Olive oil
C. Sunflower oil, corn oil
A. Saturated fats
B. Monounsaturated fats
C. Polyunsaturated fats
How does hemoglobin act as a buffer?
Deoxyhemoglobin can bind one proton for every two O2 molecules released.
What is the effect of pH in peripheral tissues on hemoglobin structure and function?
Low pH AND carbamination (CO2 attachment to Hb) stabilizes the T form; which enhances delivery.
Remember that the R form has increased affinity for O2. (R = receives O2)
What stabilizes the T structure of hemoglobin? Its levels are increased in persons living in high altitudes.
2,3-biphosphoglycerate
An increase in protons shifts the equilibrium to formation of deoxyhemoglobin.
Bohr Effect
Sickle cell patients are given hydroxyurea. Why?
Increases HbF
Most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
Most common form of collagen
Type I collagen
Collagen Quiz! Which type is seen in: 1. Bone 2. Blood vessels 3. Fetal tissue 4. Cartilage 5. Vitreous body 6. Nucleus pulposus 7. Granulation tissue
- I
- III
- III
- II
- II
- II
- III
Collagen type most frequently affected in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Type III
Collagen type most frequently affected in Osteogenesis imperfecta
Type I
Collagen type most frequently affected in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Type III
Collagen type most frequently affected in Osteogenesis imperfecta
Type I
