Macromolecules Flashcards
The four classes of biological macromolecules are
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates are composed of which elements
C, H, O
Glucose is a ____saccharide
mono
Cells extract energy stored in glucose molecules through a process known as _____
cellular respiration
Maltose is a ___saccharide composed of _____
di; 2 glucose molecules
In plants, starch is stored as ____ in which organelle?
granules; chloroplasts
Starch can be withdrawn via which process to provide the plant with energy?
hydrolysis
Starch is a polymer of ____.
alpha-glucose
Animals store glycogen in which types of cells?
liver and muscle cells
A common structural polysaccharide in plants is
cellulose
Cellulose is a polymer of ____.
beta-glucose
A structural polysaccharide commonly found in fungi and arthropods
chitin
Nucleic acids are composed of repeating subunits called
nucleotides
Components of a nucleotide
pentose sugar, phosphate group, organic nitrogenous base
Purine nucleotides
Adenine, guanine
Pyrimidine nucleotides
Thymine, cytosine, uracil
What type of ring structure is associated with purines?
Double-bonded rings
What type of ring structure is associated with purines?
Single-ring structure
Nucleotides are linked to each other via a _____, formed between _______ and _______.
phosphodiester bond, phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide
The base pairs on each nucleotide chain are joined by ____ bonds between nitrogenous bases
hydrogen
Main differences between DNA and RNA
- RNA is single stranded
- RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
- RNA is very unstable and decomposes rapidly
- Ribose sugar backbone in RNA contains an -OH group
Primary function of ribosomes
Synthesis of proteins
Primary function of mRNA
Messenger RNA delivers the DNA code for production of amino acids to the cytosol
Primary function of rRNA
Forms ribosomes by combining with proteins
Primary function of tRNA
Collects amino acids in the cytosol and transfers them to the ribosomes
Functions of proteins
Enzyme catalysts, transport, defence, structural support, movement, regulation of genes, storage of ions
Proteins that assist in folding of other proteins
Chaperones
Central dogma of gene expression
DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to amino acids. A polymer of amino acids forms a protein.
Saturated lipids occur when
All internal carbons in a fatty acid chain are bonded to at least two hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated lipids
lipids with double or triple bonds in their fatty acid chains
Draw structure of glycerol molecule
CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2(OH)
