Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

The four classes of biological macromolecules are

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of which elements

A

C, H, O

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3
Q

Glucose is a ____saccharide

A

mono

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4
Q

Cells extract energy stored in glucose molecules through a process known as _____

A

cellular respiration

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5
Q

Maltose is a ___saccharide composed of _____

A

di; 2 glucose molecules

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6
Q

In plants, starch is stored as ____ in which organelle?

A

granules; chloroplasts

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7
Q

Starch can be withdrawn via which process to provide the plant with energy?

A

hydrolysis

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8
Q

Starch is a polymer of ____.

A

alpha-glucose

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9
Q

Animals store glycogen in which types of cells?

A

liver and muscle cells

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10
Q

A common structural polysaccharide in plants is

A

cellulose

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11
Q

Cellulose is a polymer of ____.

A

beta-glucose

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12
Q

A structural polysaccharide commonly found in fungi and arthropods

A

chitin

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13
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of repeating subunits called

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

Components of a nucleotide

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group, organic nitrogenous base

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15
Q

Purine nucleotides

A

Adenine, guanine

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16
Q

Pyrimidine nucleotides

A

Thymine, cytosine, uracil

17
Q

What type of ring structure is associated with purines?

A

Double-bonded rings

18
Q

What type of ring structure is associated with purines?

A

Single-ring structure

19
Q

Nucleotides are linked to each other via a _____, formed between _______ and _______.

A

phosphodiester bond, phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide

20
Q

The base pairs on each nucleotide chain are joined by ____ bonds between nitrogenous bases

21
Q

Main differences between DNA and RNA

A
  1. RNA is single stranded
  2. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
  3. RNA is very unstable and decomposes rapidly
  4. Ribose sugar backbone in RNA contains an -OH group
22
Q

Primary function of ribosomes

A

Synthesis of proteins

23
Q

Primary function of mRNA

A

Messenger RNA delivers the DNA code for production of amino acids to the cytosol

24
Q

Primary function of rRNA

A

Forms ribosomes by combining with proteins

25
Primary function of tRNA
Collects amino acids in the cytosol and transfers them to the ribosomes
26
Functions of proteins
Enzyme catalysts, transport, defence, structural support, movement, regulation of genes, storage of ions
27
Proteins that assist in folding of other proteins
Chaperones
28
Central dogma of gene expression
DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to amino acids. A polymer of amino acids forms a protein.
29
Saturated lipids occur when
All internal carbons in a fatty acid chain are bonded to at least two hydrogen atoms
30
Unsaturated lipids
lipids with double or triple bonds in their fatty acid chains
31
Draw structure of glycerol molecule
CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2(OH)