Macromolecules Flashcards
Hydrolysis
Adding water to break apart a polymer
4 major macro molecules
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What makes a carbohydrate?
C
H
O
What are 2 major carbohydrates
Sugars
Starches
What is the ratio of monomers in a carbohydrate
1:2:1
C H O
What are the main functions of carbohydrates
Short term energy storage
Structure
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate called
Monosaccharide
How many carbons does Trioses/Pentose/ hexoses have in carbohydrate monomers. What makes them different?
3
5
6
Structure
What are the major carbs used for energy
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
What kind of sugar is a famous monosaccharide
Hexose sugar
What are the 3 kinds of famous hexose sugars?
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
What does the combination of sugars make?
Glucose + glucose
Glucose + fructose
Glucose + galactose
Maltose (malt sugar)
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk sugar)
What are the main functions for a polysaccharide in carbohydrates
Energy storage
Structural support
In plants what is the main energy storage polysaccharide?
In animals?
Amylose
Glycogen
What is the major component of plant cell walls
Cellulose
What kind of linkage connects starches?
Cellulose?
Starch= alpha linked Cellulose= beta linked
How do termites get cellulose
Symbiotic relation with protist
Place to live (gut)
Protist breaks the beta bond
How do ruminants get cellulose
Cows
Expanded upper GI tract
Regurgitate
How do caecophorres get cellulose
Bunnies
Expanded lower GI tract
Eat feces
What kind of carbohydrate is found in fungi cell walls, anthropoid exoskeletons, dissolving stitches
Chitin
What kind of carbohydrate is found in bacterial cell walls
Peptidoglycan
Dehydration synthesis
Removing water from 2 molecules with hydroxide and hydrogen ions
What are the main functions of proteins
6
Structural support Energy storage Transport Intercellular signaling Movement Defense
What do enzymes do?
Regulate metabolism by accelerating chemical reactions
What macromolecule is the most structurally complex?
Protein
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids (set of 20)
What is a monomer of a protein?
Polymer?
Amino acid
Polypeptide
How is a protein made
Dehydration synthesis
How are amino acids bonded in proteins
Polypeptide bond
What are the 4 components to an amino acid
Hydrogen atom
Carboxyl atom
Amine group
R group
What is a primary structure protein made of
String of amino acids
Made in ribosome
Where does protein folding occur
Chaperonin
What happens in a secondary structure protein
Hydrogen bonding
Alpha helix
Beta pleating
Or mix
What happens in a tertiary protein
Bonding occurs based on r groups Covalent Ionic Hydrophobic interactions Hydrophilic interactions Disulfide bridges Orientation will change based on r groups
When is a protein considered functional
Tertiary stage
What is a quaternary protein
Bonding of 2 or more functional proteins
Collagen (3)
Hemoglobin (2 copies/4)
What is denaturing
Protein returns to primary structure
Sensitive to pH, temperature, radiation
What are the 4 kinds of lipids
Fats
Oils
Steroids
Waxes
What are lipids made of
C
H
O
What are the main functions of lipids
Long term energy storage
Insulation
What are the 3 major groups of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
What are triglycerides made of in lipids
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
How are triglycerides connected
Dehydration synthesis X3
Ester linkages
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats
Sat= NO double bonds
Unsat= at least 1 double bond
Doesn’t allow layering of fats
What are oils?
Fats?
Oils are unsaturated. Liquid at room temp
Fats are saturated. Solid at room temp
What are phospholipids made of
2 fatty acids
1 phosphate group
What lipid group is a major component in cell membranes
Phospholipids
How are phospholipids arranged
Bilayer
Which end faces out in a phospholipid?
In?
Phosphate
Fatty acids
What are major steroids
Hormones
Cholesterol
What is the structure of a steroid
Fused ring
5 carbon attached to 6 carbons to r group
What are is the function of nucleic acid
Info storage for organisms
What are nucleic acids made of
C H O N P
What are the 2 kinds of NA
DNA
RNA
What is the monomer of NA
Nucleotide
What are nucleotides made of NA
Phosphate
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
DNA Pentose/bases/strands
Deoxyribose
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine
2 strands
RNA Pentose/bases/strands
Ribose
Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine
1 strand
What does DNA do
Stores info of primary structure of proteins
Sequences RNA
It is heritable
What are the nitrogen bases bondings
AT / AU
GC
What are A G called
What are T C called
Purine
Pyrimidine
What does RNA do
Transmits and translates DNA info into protein
Enzymatic and regulatory functions
How many kinds of DNA
How many RNA
1
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