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Biology > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding water to break apart a polymer

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2
Q

4 major macro molecules

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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3
Q

What makes a carbohydrate?

A

C
H
O

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4
Q

What are 2 major carbohydrates

A

Sugars

Starches

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5
Q

What is the ratio of monomers in a carbohydrate

A

1:2:1

C H O

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6
Q

What are the main functions of carbohydrates

A

Short term energy storage

Structure

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7
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate called

A

Monosaccharide

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8
Q

How many carbons does Trioses/Pentose/ hexoses have in carbohydrate monomers. What makes them different?

A

3
5
6

Structure

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9
Q

What are the major carbs used for energy

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

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10
Q

What kind of sugar is a famous monosaccharide

A

Hexose sugar

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11
Q

What are the 3 kinds of famous hexose sugars?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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12
Q

What does the combination of sugars make?
Glucose + glucose
Glucose + fructose
Glucose + galactose

A

Maltose (malt sugar)
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk sugar)

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13
Q

What are the main functions for a polysaccharide in carbohydrates

A

Energy storage

Structural support

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14
Q

In plants what is the main energy storage polysaccharide?

In animals?

A

Amylose

Glycogen

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15
Q

What is the major component of plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

What kind of linkage connects starches?

Cellulose?

A 
Starch= alpha linked
Cellulose= beta linked
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17
Q

How do termites get cellulose

A

Symbiotic relation with protist
Place to live (gut)
Protist breaks the beta bond

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18
Q

How do ruminants get cellulose

Cows

A

Expanded upper GI tract

Regurgitate

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19
Q

How do caecophorres get cellulose

Bunnies

A

Expanded lower GI tract

Eat feces

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20
Q

What kind of carbohydrate is found in fungi cell walls, anthropoid exoskeletons, dissolving stitches

A

Chitin

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21
Q

What kind of carbohydrate is found in bacterial cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan

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22
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Removing water from 2 molecules with hydroxide and hydrogen ions

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23
Q

What are the main functions of proteins

6

A 
Structural support
Energy storage
Transport
Intercellular signaling
Movement
Defense
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24
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Regulate metabolism by accelerating chemical reactions

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25
Q

What macromolecule is the most structurally complex?

A

Protein

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26
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids (set of 20)

27
Q

What is a monomer of a protein?

Polymer?

A

Amino acid

Polypeptide

28
Q

How is a protein made

A

Dehydration synthesis

29
Q

How are amino acids bonded in proteins

A

Polypeptide bond

30
Q

What are the 4 components to an amino acid

A

Hydrogen atom
Carboxyl atom
Amine group
R group

31
Q

What is a primary structure protein made of

A

String of amino acids

Made in ribosome

32
Q

Where does protein folding occur

A

Chaperonin

33
Q

What happens in a secondary structure protein

A

Hydrogen bonding
Alpha helix
Beta pleating
Or mix

34
Q

What happens in a tertiary protein

A 
Bonding occurs based on r groups
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophilic interactions
Disulfide bridges
Orientation will change based on r groups
35
Q

When is a protein considered functional

A

Tertiary stage

36
Q

What is a quaternary protein

A

Bonding of 2 or more functional proteins
Collagen (3)
Hemoglobin (2 copies/4)

37
Q

What is denaturing

A

Protein returns to primary structure

Sensitive to pH, temperature, radiation

38
Q

What are the 4 kinds of lipids

A

Fats
Oils
Steroids
Waxes

39
Q

What are lipids made of

A

C
H
O

40
Q

What are the main functions of lipids

A

Long term energy storage

Insulation

41
Q

What are the 3 major groups of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

42
Q

What are triglycerides made of in lipids

A

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids

43
Q

How are triglycerides connected

A

Dehydration synthesis X3

Ester linkages

44
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Sat= NO double bonds

Unsat= at least 1 double bond
Doesn’t allow layering of fats

45
Q

What are oils?

Fats?

A

Oils are unsaturated. Liquid at room temp

Fats are saturated. Solid at room temp

46
Q

What are phospholipids made of

A

2 fatty acids

1 phosphate group

47
Q

What lipid group is a major component in cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

48
Q

How are phospholipids arranged

A

Bilayer

49
Q

Which end faces out in a phospholipid?

In?

A

Phosphate

Fatty acids

50
Q

What are major steroids

A

Hormones

Cholesterol

51
Q

What is the structure of a steroid

A

Fused ring

5 carbon attached to 6 carbons to r group

52
Q

What are is the function of nucleic acid

A

Info storage for organisms

53
Q

What are nucleic acids made of

A 
C
H
O
N
P
54
Q

What are the 2 kinds of NA

A

DNA

RNA

55
Q

What is the monomer of NA

A

Nucleotide

56
Q

What are nucleotides made of NA

A

Phosphate
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base

57
Q

DNA Pentose/bases/strands

A

Deoxyribose
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine
2 strands

58
Q

RNA Pentose/bases/strands

A

Ribose
Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine
1 strand

59
Q

What does DNA do

A

Stores info of primary structure of proteins
Sequences RNA

It is heritable

60
Q

What are the nitrogen bases bondings

A

AT / AU

GC

61
Q

What are A G called

What are T C called

A

Purine

Pyrimidine

62
Q

What does RNA do

A

Transmits and translates DNA info into protein

Enzymatic and regulatory functions

63
Q

How many kinds of DNA

How many RNA

A

1

15/ 3 main

Biology (3 decks)

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