Cellular Energetics & Enzymes

Question 1

What are enzymes

Answer 1

Biological catalyst

Proteins and some RNA molecules

Question 2

What do enzymes end with? What does the prefix mean?

Answer 2

ase

Refers to substrate

Question 3

Where does the substrate connect with the enzyme?

Answer 3

Activation site

Question 4

What is topoisomerase?

Answer 4

Minimizes mechanical stress on DNA during replication

MAKES TEMPORARY CUT IN HELIX

Question 5

Rubisco

Answer 5

Attaches carbon dioxide to sugar precursor molecules in photosynthesis

50% found in chloroplasts

Question 6

What is a co enzyme

Answer 6

Non protein organic molecules

Vitamins

One type of enzyme activator

Question 7

What is a co factor

Answer 7

Inorganic enzyme activator

Minerals
Iron
Zinc
Copper

Question 8

What is a prosthetic group

Answer 8

Permanent molecules bound to the enzyme that change the quaternary structure of the enzyme

Question 9

Co factors can also be

Answer 9

Prosthetic groups

Question 10

What is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor

Answer 10

Permanently changes the shape of the active site.

Neurotoxin

Not common in cells

Question 11

What is a competitive enzyme inhibitor

Answer 11

Competes for active site. 
Has shape similar to substrate. 
Natural substances. 
Blocks substrate. 
Does not permanently change enzyme.

Question 12

What is a noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor

Answer 12

Covalently bonded to amino acid sidechain. Bonds in another site that is not the active site.
All turns the shape of the enzyme and the active site.
Can be reversed after unbonded to enzyme.
Poinsons

Question 13

What is another name for a non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 13

Allosteric regulation

Question 14

What is allosteric regulation

Answer 14

Can either in Hibbett or stimulate enzyme. Allocators bond to other receptive site which causes enzyme to change shape.
Activators can stabilize the enzyme.
Usually happens with big enzymes (quaternary)
Reversible.
Helps give us on and off capability

Question 15

What is feedback inhibition

Answer 15

The product of chemical reaction will many times serve as shutdown for pathway or as in inhibitor.
Common when there are many chemical reactions in a sequence

Question 16

What is a catalyst

Answer 16

Any substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction while not participating in reaction

Lowers activation energy

Reusable

Question 17

What is metabolism

Answer 17

Total sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Question 18

What is catabolic metabolism? What is anabolic metabolism?

Answer 18

Used to power synthesis ATP from ADP and phosphate.
Respiration.

Is powered by ATP when required in a chemical reaction

Question 19

What are endodontic reactions

Answer 19

Require energy (lower to higher energy arrangement)
Can not occur spontaneously.
Change in free energy is positive.
Most of the reactions are endergonic

Question 20

What is ATP

Answer 20

Short-term energy molecule.
Tens of millions made/used per second per cell.
Molecule of choice in cells.

Question 21

How is ATP bonded

Answer 21

Bonds between phosphate groups in nucleotide.
Triphosphates.
Relatively stable.

More energy released when bonds between our broken then is required by cell to initiate cleavage
HYDROLISYS

Question 22

What is work?

Answer 22

Anything that requires atoms to be moved around through cellular actions

Question 23

What our exergonic reactions

Answer 23

Release energy (higher to lower energy arrangements)
Spontaneously (once initiated)
Change in free energy is negative.

Question 24

What is Gibbs free energy

Answer 24

Measurement of the amount of useful energy that system continues to perform work.

Cellular level = major source is the arranging of atoms to form higher energy compounds to lower

Question 25

What is the kids free energy equation and what does it stand for

Answer 25

Free energy = change in enthalpy - temperature * change in entropy 🔼G = 🔼H - T🔼S

Question 26

What does the temperature have to be in for Gibbs free energy

Answer 26

Kelvin. Add 273 to convert Celsius to Kelvin

Question 27

What is kinetic and potential energy

Answer 27

``` Kinetic = motion. Potential = stored. ``` Both contribute to phenomena at all levels of organization in the universe. Both useful to organisms in different ways.

Question 28

What is the first law in cellular energetics

Answer 28

Matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Transformations are allowed. Organisms energy processing systems is energy from the sun or chemical bonds used to undertake cellular work

Question 29

What is the second lot of cellular energetics

Answer 29

Any closed system will tend toward a state of maximum entropy or disorder Portions of the universe can still function as an open system Energy is used to decrease and open systems entropy Decreasing their overall inch repeat increases entropy of their surroundings

Question 30

What is a closed system

Answer 30

Closed systems tend toward in absence of free energy. Reach state of equilibrium of input and output. Inevitably dull

Question 31

What is an open system

Answer 31

Do not reach equilibrium as long as processes of systems received inputs and produce outputs. No inherent limit to complexity of open system provided there is enough input to allow for complex city. Usually interesting. Life is an open system

Question 32

Characteristics of an enzyme

Answer 32

``` Speed up chemical reactions Must be favorable to catalyst Does not change free energy Does not change chemical equilibrium Not consumed in a reaction Highly specific ```