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Biology 9 > MACROMOLECULES > Flashcards

MACROMOLECULES Flashcards

1
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large molecules

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2
Q

What’s another name for macromolecules?

A

Polymers

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3
Q

What are macromolecules/polymers made of?

A

Smaller “building blocks” called monomers

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4
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA + RNA)

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5
Q

About how large are carbohydrates?

A

They range in size from small sugar molecules to large strands of sugar molecules bonded together

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6
Q

What elements are used to form carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates’ monomers?

A

Monosaccharides (aka simple sugars)

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8
Q

What are three types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

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9
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but different _____________

A

Structures

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10
Q

Where can glucose be found?

A

Sports drinks

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11
Q

What is galactose also called?

A

“Milk sugar”

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12
Q

Where can fructose be found?

A

Fruits :|

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13
Q

If the compound ends in -ose, that means it is a _________

A

Sugar

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14
Q

In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides form __________

A

Ring structures

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15
Q

What do cells use monosaccharides for?

A

Work/fuel/energy. They’re the main fuel for cells

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16
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A type of sugar formed by 2 monosaccharides

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17
Q

What is a disaccharide made of?

A

2 sugar molecules (monosaccharides) joined together

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18
Q

During what process are monosaccharides joined together to form disaccharides?

A

The dehydration process

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19
Q

What type of bond is between the two sugars in disaccharides?

A

A glycosidic bond

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20
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Complex carbohydrates

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21
Q

What are polysaccharides composed of?

A

Many sugar monomers linked together

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22
Q

What are polysaccharides polymers of?

A

Monosaccharide chains

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23
Q

What are three types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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24
Q

What is starch?

A

A type of complex sugar/polysaccharide found in plants

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25
What do plants use starch for?
Storing energy
26
When we eat foods with starch, what is the effect?
We get more energy
27
What is glycogen?
A type of complex sugar/polysaccharide
28
What do animals use glycogen for?
They store extra sugar as gloycogen in the liver
29
Glycogen and starch are both made out of what?
Glucose units
30
What is cellulose?
A type of complex sugar/polysaccharide
31
Cellulose is a common material in what?
Plants
32
What does cellulose do for plants?
It helps them with structure/keeps their shape/makes the cell wall strong
33
Why is cellulose good for humans?
Eating it gives us fiber
34
True or false: Lipids are hydrophobic
True blue!
35
What are some examples of lipids?
Fats, waxes, steroids, oils, hormones, and triglycides
36
What do lipids store?
Energy
37
What elements are lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
38
What are six functions of lipids?
Long-term energy storage, insulation, protection against water loss, protection against physical shock, hormone production, and protecting organs (lipids make up membranes)
39
What are fatty acids?
Monomers that create lipids
40
True or false: Fatty acids are long chains of hydrogen and carbon in carbohydrates
False - fatty acids are long chains of hydrogen and carbon in lipids
41
Why are fatty acids different?
Their basic units aren't considered monomers
42
Fats are made of fatty acids and glycerol in a _____ ratio
3 : 1
43
What happens when 3 fatty acids bond to one glycerol?
They form a triglyceride
44
What is a saturated fatty acid?
Fatty acids in which each carbon is bonded by single bonds to other carbons
45
What is a mono/unsaturated fatty acid?
Fatty acids in which a double bond is present
46
What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Fatty acids in which there is more than one double bond
47
What are phospholipids?
Lipids that make up cell membranes
48
Phospholipids have a head that is _________ to water
Attracted (hydrophilic)
49
Phospholipids have two tails that are ___ _____________ to water
Not attracted (hydrophobic)
50
What elements make up proteins?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
51
What are proteins' monomers?
Amino acids
52
How many different amino acids make up proteins?
20
53
What do proteins do?
Build structure, make up muscle tissue (movement), transport (carries oxygen in an organism), immunity, act as enzymes, and are an energy source
54
What is polypeptide?
A polymer made of amino acids linked together
55
What type of bond links amino acids?
Peptide bond
56
Many proteins act as ___________
Enzymes/catalysts
57
What do enzymes do?
They speed up reactions by weakening bonds, which lowers the energy needed to start the reaction
58
How do enzymes work?
They attach to the things that need to react, then change their shape to make the reaction easier
59
What is an enzyme's active/activation site?
An opening that is specific for the object/substrate it will hold
60
Enzymes allow the __________ to fit into the active site
Substrate
61
Enzymes can be reused but NEVER ___________
Destroyed
62
What is it called when an enzyme changes shape and becomes ineffective?
Denaturing
63
What are some factors that affect enzyme effectiveness?
pH and temperature
64
What are the two types of nucleic acid polymers?
DNA and RNA
65
What shape are DNA polymers in?
A double helix
66
What shape are RNA polymers in?
A single strand :(
67
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of __________________ (monomers)
Nucleotides
68
How are nucleotides linked together?
By dehydration synthesis
69
What elements compose nucleic acids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphor
70
Nucleotides include what?
A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine (DNA ONLY), uracil (RNA ONLY), cytosine, and guanine)
71
What does DNA do?
Transmit hereditary or genetic information
72
What does RNA do?
Codes for proteins

Biology 9 (6 decks)

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