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BIO 111 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

although cells are 70% - 95% water, the rest consists of __________ __________

A

carbon-based compounds

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2
Q

4 major groups of macromolecules

A

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, & lipids

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3
Q

a large organic molecule that comprises a large fraction of the mass of any cell

A

macromolecules

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4
Q

most macromolecules are _______

A

polymers

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5
Q

the subunit of a polymer

A

monomer

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6
Q

a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together

A

polymer

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7
Q

chemical reactions linking 2 or more small molecules to form a larger molecule with repeating structural units

A

polymer formation (polymerization)

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8
Q

chemical reactions breaking a larger molecule into its repeating structural units

A

polymer breakdown

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9
Q

hydrolysis & dehydration reactions are catalyzed by _______

A

enzymes

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10
Q

a reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bound to one another through the loss of a water molecule

A

dehydration/condensation reaction

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11
Q

a reaction in which the bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of a water molecule

A

hydrolysis

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12
Q

diverse in character or content

A

heterogeneous

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13
Q

nucleic acids are ____________________

A

polynucleotides

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14
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

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15
Q

makes up genes; copied & passed through generations

A

DNA

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16
Q

carries info from DNA to cytoplasm; functions in protein synthesis

A

RNA

17
Q

monomers of carbohydrates; simple sugars

A

monosaccharides

18
Q

the 2 sugar monomers linked together via a covalent glycoside bonds; form of sugar in foods

A

disaccharides

19
Q

polymers of sugar; energy storage & support

A

polysaccharides

20
Q

fatty or waxy organic compounds that are soluble in nonpolar solvents but not polar solvents

A

lipids

21
Q

contains 3 OH groups

A

glycerol

22
Q

nonpolar hydrocarbons with polar carboxyl groups that form covalent bonds with the hydroxyls of glycerol

A

fatty acid

23
Q

fats are ______ in water due to many C-H bonds and fewer polar bonds

A

insoluble

24
Q

________ store fat

A

adipocytes

25
Q

fat functions include:

A

storage, insulation, cushioning

26
Q

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic simultaneously

A

amphipathic

27
Q

_______ are lipids that have 4 fused carbon rings w/ various functional groups attached

A

steroids

28
Q

a macromolecule that consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into a specific 3D shape

A

protein

29
Q

a polymer of amino acid monomers arranged in a specific sequence linked by peptide bonds

A

polypeptide

30
Q

a covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid

A

peptide bond

31
Q

secondary structure of a polypeptide that is folded into a helical coil

A

alpha helix

32
Q

secondary structure that consists of 2 polypeptide chains lying side-by-side forming a sheet-like structure

A

beta sheet

33
Q

the building block of a protein

A

amino acid

34
Q

loss of 3D structure & function of a protein

A

denaturation

35
Q

which term describes the cellular process of breaking down polymers to monomers?

A

hydrolysis

36
Q

_________ fatty acids are the simplest form of fats that are unbranched linear chains, while ________ fatty acids are more complex with bent hydrocarbon chains

A

saturated; unsaturated

37
Q

which bonds are formed during the formation of the primary structure of a protein

A

covalent peptide bonds between amino acids

38
Q

the more membrane fluidity, the _____ the number of double bonds in phospholipid fatty acid tails

A

higher

BIO 111 (9 decks)

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