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Principles of Cell Biology > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules consist______,______,and______

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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2
Q

Carbon can form up 4 ________ bonds

A

Covalent

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3
Q

____ groups/____groups affect our phosphate

A

R and Functional

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4
Q

_______: One subunit( single building block

A

Monomer

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5
Q

_______: Multiple subunit(multiple building blocks)

A

Polymer

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6
Q

__________________: Two monomers create larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released.

A

dehydration synthesis

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7
Q

_______ Breakwater apart(breaking polymer into two monomers

A

hydrolysis

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8
Q

1:2:1 ration ______,_______,____

A

Carbons, Hydrogens, Oxygens

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9
Q

Empirical formula:________(C6 H12 O6)

A

1:2:1

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10
Q

Good energy storage molecules

A

glucose

atp

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11
Q

One sugar

A

monosaccharides

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12
Q

Two Sugars(sugar transports or energy storage )

A

Disaccharides

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13
Q

dehydration synthesis is made up of _______

A

two monosaccharides

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14
Q

_________bonds form a specific bond between polysaccharides (carbohydrates)

A

Glycosidic

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15
Q

_______=many sugars

A

Polysaccharides

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16
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ provides energy storage
plant: store energy in form of starch 
animals:Glycogen 
structural support:
Plants: cellulose 
animals: Chitin(not all animals)
A

polysaccharides

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17
Q

Protein functions include:organic marcromolecule

A
  1. Enzyme catalysts
  2. defense
  3. Transport
  4. support
  5. motion
  6. regulation
  7. storage
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18
Q

Proteins are built from__________

A

amino acid

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19
Q

Amino Acids:___________

A

Monosaccharides

20
Q

________structure dictates the chemical properties of amino acids

21
Q

Amino acids can be classified as:

A
  1. non-polar(can’t dissolve in water)hydrophobic
  2. Polar (can be dissolved in water)hydrophilic
  3. charged(+/- )
  4. aromatic(smell/frag)
  5. specific function
22
Q

Shape determines function

A

Proteins are in charge of certain areas. An example is folding.

23
Q

________most basic, polypeptide a little chain of amino acids

A

Primary structure

24
Q

______interactions of groups in the peptide backbone

A

Secondary structure

25
Q

_______increase size of polypeptide, start of helix or pleats

A

Tertiary structure

26
Q

______huge polypeptide different groups to make a manageable area

A

Quaternary structure

27
Q

Protein folding is aided by _______(help guide all the stuff into the right position

A

Chaperone proteins

28
Q

___________bond that holds the shape of the proteins together

29
Q

__________ when a Protein has lost its shape(no longer functional) and can never be re-constructed

A

Denaturation

30
Q

Denaturation causes are ________,________,___________

A
  1. temperature outside its normal range
  2. a change in PH outside of its normal range
  3. a change in salinity(salt concentration) outside of the normal range.
31
Q

____is insoluble in water

32
Q

Four major types of lipids:____________,________________,____________,and _______________

A

Fats/oils
waxes
phospholipids
steroids

33
Q

______composed of 1 glycerol +3 fatty acids

A

triglycerides(fats)

34
Q

________=long hydrocarbon chains

A

Fatty acids

35
Q

____(full)of hydrogens-Solid at room temperature(coconut oil, lard, animal fat

36
Q

______(lacking) oxygen-Liquid at room temperature(oils)

A

Unsaturated

37
Q

________twice as much energy as carbohydrates

A

Lipids/triglycerides

38
Q

______is found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, algae, leafy greens, and krill

A

Polyunsaturated fats(omega)

39
Q

__________ converts a part of a cis-isomer into a trans-unsaturated fat instead of hydrogenating them completely
example:
Crisco(older formula)
Margarine

A

Chemical hydrogenation

40
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Compsed of triglyceride fatty acid
          O
          |
    O= P--O
          |
          O
A

Phospholipids

41
Q

_________bilayers are the basis of biological membranes

42
Q

Two types of nucleic acid are _____ and _____

A

DNA and RNA

43
Q

__________ is deoxyribose (has H)also known as deoxyribose

44
Q

_______is ribose (OH) also known as ribose nucleic

45
Q

The two purines:____________and______________(double ring)

A

Adenine and Guanine

46
Q

3 pyrimidines:____________,_____________and_______

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

Principles of Cell Biology (3 decks)

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