Macromolecules 1 Flashcards
Anabolic vs catabolic reactions
anabolic form complex form simple substances, catabolic form simple substances from complex ones
Why do organic substances mostly contain carbon atoms
carbon has maximal coordination (four covalent bonds), can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds, and can create branched and unbranched chains – creates a large diversity of stable compounds
Dehydration vs hydrolysis reaction
dehydration/condensation reaction is a polymer formation reaction, it requires E to be invested, releases H2O (removing a hydroxyl group (OH) and one hydrogen from the molecules), and forms a new bond while hydrolysis reaction is a polymer breakdown reaction that releases E, requires H2O to be invested, and bonds are broken
Goldilocks principle
a planet orbiting its sub at just the right distance for liquid water to exist on its surface, neither hot nor too cold (+ gravity keeping the water in the atmosphere) – being in the Goldilocks Zone
Cohesion vs adhesion
cohesion is the bonding of the same molecules by H-bonds and adhesion is the binding of different molecules by H-bonds
Surface tension
the force that tends to decrease the surface of water, due to cohesion (exceptionally strong attraction between molecules on the surface) – can be broken only if other molecules intervene and come between them – water surface is a habitat for some organisms (bugs – Gerris lacustris)
Capillarity
the ability of a liquid to „climb up“ narrow tubes, due to cohesion and adhesion – water with minerals can be transported through the plant’s xylem towards the upper parts
Being a polar solvent
water dissolves polar and charged (hydrophilic) substances, due to adhesion – glucose, NaCl, a-a (some), urea… can be easily transported in the blood, fat, cholesterol, CO2, O2… need special carriers (lipoproteins) which transport them through body fluids
Heat capacity
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance – water has a high heat capacity (slow to gain and lose heat) because extra energy needs to be invested to break H-bonds among water molecules to then be able to increase molecular movement and temperature – important for stabilization of body temperature, aquatic habitats are thermally more stable compared to terrestrial
Buoyancy
buoyant force is the upward force on the object immersed in water (the density of the object is lesser than the density of water) – if the density of an organism is similar to the water it doesn’t have to spend extra E to float on water (not the air case – since air density is very low, energy needs to be invested to be airborne)
Viscosity
the „stickiness“ of the fluid which determines how easily it can flow, it depends on the amount of intermolecular forces – the greater their number the greater the friction and viscosity (fluid doesn’t flow easily) – more difficult to travel through water than air so many animals have special adaptations for swimming. More difficult to swim in salt water than in fresh
Thermal conductivity
a measure of a material’s ability to transfer heat. It is determined by how easily energy transfers through the material – can cause hypothermia relatively quickly (doesn’t prevent heat loss) this is why aquatic animals like seals have a thick layer of fat to act as an insulator – thermoregulation, heat transported from muscles through the blood to the surface of the skin and exists in the form of sweat
Name and draw monosaccharides
trioses, hexoses (alpha glucose and beta glucose, fructose, and galactose), and pentoses (ribose and deoxyribose) – they have to be in ring form in order to polymerize, …
Draw the process of polymerization of two carbohydrate monomers, annotate the diagram (numbering C atoms) and name the bond connecting them
…, glycosidic bond (C1 and C4)
List disaccharides and polysaccharides (what are they made of)
maltose (2 glucoses), sucrose (glucose, fructose), lactose (glucose, galactose), starch (alpha glucose), glycogen (alpha glucose), cellulose (beta glucose)
Starch
used for short-term energy storage in plants – amylose is not branches (only 1-4 glycosidic bonds), has all gluc molecules with the same orientation, has a compact spiral (helical) shape supported by H-bonds between non-adjacent glucose molecules – difficult to digest so it acts as a dietary fiber (keeps moisture in the bowels) – amylopectin has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds (has branches), it is easily digestible because molecules can be more easily loaded and unloaded from attachment points. Natural starch has 70% amylopectin and 30% amylose