CR & PH Flashcards
Catabolism vs anabolism
in catabolic reactions, E gets released and the reaction is spontaneous (breakdown reaction)
in anabolic, E has to be invested and the reaction is non-spontaneous (forming bonds)
What is ATP
glucose oxidation efficiency
the universal energy-transfer molecule containing E that gets released from chemical bonds when glucose gets oxidized in CR (only 40% converted to ATP, the rest lost as heat) – it can’t pass through the membrane so it must be synthesized inside each cell
Reduction and oxidation
compare in terms of O2, e-, H+, bonds, E of the yield
coupled processes (one causes the other), e- get relocated from the less to the more electronegative atom and this transfer releases E, the atom that loses e- is oxidized and the one that gains it is reduced
loss/gain, gain/loss, gain/loss, C-H/C-O, higher/lower
How does breaking of covalent bonds release E
they store potential energy because they are made out of electrons which, when transported, release E – in the presence of a strong oxidizing agent (which’ll get reduced), destabilized bonds will easily break
What is the main oxidizing agent in CR and what is the other name for an oxidizing agent?
NAD+, electron/hydrogen carrier (O2 only used during the final step), it’s reduced form is NADH+H+
Why does CR have many steps?
because glucose has to be oxidized gradually in order to get the most energy from it by maximizing the number of NADH+H+ molecules generated (they will release E to form ATP in the final CR step)
Mitochondrion, list components
the location of aerobic respiration, where pyruvate undergoes full oxidation to yield CO2, H2O, and ATP – mitochondrial matrix, inner membrane, outer membrane, cristae, narrow intermembrane space, mDNA
How is mitochondrion structure adapted to its function?
cristae create large SA that is needed for the electron transport chain, narrow intermembrane space allows fast accumulation of protons, the fluid matrix contains enzymes that are involved in the Krebs cycle
Respirometer
device used to measure the rate of cell respiration of a living organism
What happens in anaerobic CR after glycolysis?
happens in the cytoplasm, in humans: lactate (lactic acid) is produced from pyruvate, in yeast: ethanol and CO2 are produced (so no ATP production!!)
Four stages of aerobic cell respiration
glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
substeps
draw the process
anaerobic, in the cell cytoplasm, it’s a partial breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
phosphorylation (hexose into hexose biphosphate), lysis (hexose biphosphate into two triose phosphates (TP)), and main oxidative stage (each TP into pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH+H+ formed)
…
Phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation
the phosphate groups added make the molecule less stable and more likely to react and they allow for a stronger interaction between the hexose and the enzyme that catalyzes lysis
when ATP is made by direct transfer of phosphate groups from the substrate to ADP (in the main oxidative state)
Link reaction
what is decarboxylation
in the mitochondrial matrix, 2 pyruvates get decarboxylated into 2 acetyl groups (2 CO2 and 2 NADH+H+ produced) and the CoA (coenzyme A) temporarily joins with the acetyl groups to form acetyl-CoA
when the carboxyl group (COO-) gets removed in the form of CO2
Krebs cycle
aerobic (O2 not directly used), in the mitochondrial matrix – acetyl groups get further decarboxylated to yield 2 CO2 and oxidated to yield 6 NADH+H+ and 2 FADH2 (acetyl-CoA joins with C4 acceptor group and forms citric acid (C6), CoA gets released, C6 undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form C5 (NADH+H+ and CO2), C5 undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form C4 (NADH+H+ and CO2), C4 gets regenerated into C4 acceptor group and produces 4 NADH+H+, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP)