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Macrominerals Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of calcium?

A 
Provides rigidity and strength to bones and teeth
Blood coagulation
Muscle contraction
Myocardial action
Neuromuscular irritability
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1
Q

Form of calcium found in bones and teeth?

A

Hydrated tricalcium phosphate

Hydroxyapatite

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2
Q

Where Ca salts are deposited and resorbed?

A

Bone trabeculae

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3
Q

Required to form thrombin?

A

Calcium
Prothrombin
Thromboplastin

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4
Q

Sustained muscular contractions?

A

Tetany

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5
Q

Factors influencing Ca absorption? (5)

A 
Needs of the body
Gastric acidity
Vitamin D
Ca:P ratio
Exercise
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6
Q

Storage of Ca and P?

A

Bone trabeculae

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7
Q

Regulates Ca balance and bone formation? (3)

A

Bone, kidney, intestine
PTH
Vitamin D

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8
Q

Maintains normal level of serum calcium?

A

PTH

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9
Q

Can rapidly lower a high serum calcium level?

A

Calcitonin

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10
Q

RDA of calcium?

A

800mg/day

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11
Q

RDA of calcium for infants?

A

360-540 mg

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12
Q

RDA of calcium from 1-10 yrs old?

A

800 mg

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13
Q

RDA of calcium for 11-18 yrs old?

A

1200 mg

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14
Q

Food with highest level of calcium?

A

Cheddar cheese

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15
Q

Best sources of calcium? (3)

A

Cheeses
Milk
Dark green leafy vegetables

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16
Q

Recommended for people who cannot eat dairy products? (2)

A

Calcium carbonate or

Oyster shell calcium

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17
Q

Conditions that can result in high levels of calcium? (3)

A

Idiopathic hypercalcemia
Hypercalcinuria
Hyperparathyroidism

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18
Q

Excess calcium in blood?

A

Idiopathic hypercalcemia

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19
Q

Excess calcium in urine?

A

Hypercalcinuria

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20
Q

Caused by prolonged and excessive intake of milk?

A

Milk-alkali syndrome

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21
Q

Ratio of Ca:P in bone?

A

2:1

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22
Q

True or false. The amount of P in the body is controlled by absorption rather than excretion in the urine?

23
Q

Functions of phosphorus? (3)

A

Formation of bone and tooth
Production and transfer of phosphates
Regulates acid base balance

24
Q

Any substance produced by physical and chemical changes within the organism?

A

Essential metabolite

25
Q

Acts as buffers in blood and tissue?

A

Phosphates

26
Q

RDA of phosphorus?

A

800-1200 mg

27
Q

Foods rich in phosphorus? (5)

A 
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Eggs
Milk
28
Q

Chemical nature of bone?

A

60% inorganic material
25% collagen
15% water
5% cells

29
Q

2 phases in bone growth?

A

1 formation of collagen

2 calcification

30
Q

A process when amorphous calcium phosphate is deposited in the collagen fibrils?

A

Seeding or nucleation

31
Q

Factors affecting the bone crystals. (3)

A

Organic matrix
Degree of phosphorylation
Amount of ground substance

32
Q

A compound of P with 2 or more amino acid, which remains after enamel mineralization?

A

Phosphopeptides

33
Q

Amino acid serine combined with phosphorus?

A

O-phosphoserine

34
Q

Reduction of quantity of bone?

A

Osteoporosis

35
Q

Atrophy of bone?

A

Osteoporosis

36
Q

A condition in which rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation?

A

Osteoporosis

37
Q

Etiologic factors of osteoporosis? (5)

A 
Age
Endocrine abnormalities
Hereditary disease
Poor nutrition
Hematologic disorders
38
Q

A type of anticonvulsant which can cause osteoporosis?

39
Q

Due to disuse or immobilization of bone?

A

Localized osteoporosis

40
Q

Commonly affected by osteoporosis?

A

Women over age 60

41
Q

Low back pain?

42
Q

True or false. In osteoporosis the pain is intermittent, while in osteomalacia it is continuous?

43
Q

Reduced bone mass?

A

Osteopenia

44
Q

Measures total body calcium?

A

Dual-photon absorptiometry

45
Q

Measures mineral content in the skeleton?

A

Computed axial tomography

46
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis? (6)

A

Ingestion of: high calcium diets, estrogen, fluoride, calcitonin, PTH, vitamin D

47
Q

Incomplete development of enamel?

A

Enamel hypoplasia

48
Q

An imperfection in enamel resulting from inadequate mineralization?

A

Hypocalcification

49
Q

Hypoplasia is characterized by?

50
Q

Sign of hypocalcification?

A

Opaque, chalky white enamel

51
Q

One major cation in animal tissue?

52
Q

Central component of chlorophyll?

53
Q

Functions of magnesium? (4)

A

Cellular respiration
Activator of coenzymes
Production of energy
Protein synthesis

54
Q

Symptoms of Mg deficiency? (6)

A 
Hyperexcitability
Behavioral disturbances
Weakness
Depression
Tremors
Convulsions
55
Q

RDA of Mg in male adult? For female?

A

Male: 350 mg
Female: 300 mg

56
Q

Sources of Mg? (4)

A

Whole grains
Nuts
Soybeans
Green leafy vegetables

Nutrition (2 decks)

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