Macroevolution

Question 1

phylogeny

Answer 1

pattern of evolution, “race origin”, of all life

an attempt to map ancestor-descendent relationship of taxa

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

theory explaining how evolution occurs in nature
species changes over time due to selective pressures (e.g. predation) where most fit organism to environment survives & produce offspring

Question 3

macroevolution

Answer 3

large evolution trends measured with species or above taxa

Question 4

microevolution

Answer 4

small evolutionary trends measured below species level, usually through field or laboratory observations

Question 5

taxonomy

Answer 5

arrangement of organisms based on morphology or shape

organize organisms into same grouping & infer phylogeny

Question 6

systematics

Answer 6

study of relationships of organisms & of evolutionary processes

Question 7

classification

Answer 7

process of organizing organisms & arranging them in a meaningful way

Question 8

type specimen (species)

Answer 8

individual fossil or preserved organisms used to represent characteristics features of a species
difficult to find since each individual of a species has its own unique characteristics

Question 9

genotype

Answer 9

genetic composition of an individual population or species

Question 10

morphotype

Answer 10

physical characteristics unique to each species

Question 11

cladistic

Answer 11

classification of taxa or biogeographic regions in term of derived characteristics.
aim to identify groups with a common origin & in turn reconstruct tree of life

Question 12

homology

Answer 12

derived characteristics that has single evolutionary history of being occurred only once

Question 13

anology

Answer 13

feature of 2 or more organisms that is superficially similar in morphology or function but arose from different ancestors

Question 14

convergence

Answer 14

organisms look the same due to having similar lifestyle

Question 15

paraphyletic

Answer 15

clades with common ancestor but are placed in different taxons

Question 16

monophyletic

Answer 16

taxa with single common ancestor

Question 17

polyphyletic

Answer 17

taxa with multiple ancestors but in an unnatural grouping (which is due to limited biologic or genetic information)

Question 18

molecular clock

Answer 18

hypothesis assumes each protein has a constant rate of amino acid substitution
amount of difference between 2 homologous molecules indicate distance of common ancestry