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PAES > MACHINERY > Flashcards

MACHINERY Flashcards

1
Q

action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation

A

Tillage action

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2
Q

desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations

A

tillage objective

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3
Q

soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on
utilitarian and/or economic considerations

A

tillage requirement

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4
Q

tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips

A

broadcast tillage

overall tillage

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5
Q

primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm

A

deep tillage

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6
Q

tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil

A

earthmoving

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7
Q

tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations

A

land forming

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8
Q

tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope

A

land grading

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9
Q

tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface
condition

A

land planing

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10
Q

tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun,
prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines

A

oriented tillage

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11
Q

tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil

A

rotary tillage

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12
Q

shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil
condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control

A

soil cultivation

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13
Q

mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose

A

tillage

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14
Q

tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to
reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates

A

primary tillage

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15
Q

tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create
specific soil surface configurations before seeding

A

secondary tillage

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16
Q

vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration of the tool

A

tillage depth

tool depth

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17
Q

system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or
maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during
the critical erosion period (see also item 2.3.4

A

conservation tillage

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18
Q

system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given
geographical area

A

conventional tillage

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19
Q

system wherein least soil manipulation is performed

A

minimum tillage

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20
Q

system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue
is specifically left on or near the soil surface (see also item 2.3.1)

A

mulch tillage

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21
Q

idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given
conditions

A

optimum tillage

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22
Q

subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage

A

precision tillage

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23
Q

system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special
planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations

A

reduced tillage

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24
Q

system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or
sprinkler applied water

A

reservoir tillage

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25
Q

system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from
year to year in the same location

A

ridge tillage

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26
Q

system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled

A

strip tillage

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27
Q

tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration

A

bedding
ridging
listing

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28
Q

tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or
artificial mulches

A

anchoring

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29
Q

pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade

A

bulldozing

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30
Q

tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used

A

chisel plowing

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31
Q

operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements
(subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the
number of trips over a field

A

combined tillage operations

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32
Q

operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting

A

harrowing

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33
Q

mixing
operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or plant
residues into the soil

A

incorporating

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34
Q

hilling-up
operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two
previous rows of plants

A

middlebreaking

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35
Q

operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants

A

off barring

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36
Q

operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion

A

moldboard plowing

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37
Q

operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil
manipulation

A

residue processing

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38
Q

deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water
movement (see item 2.4.4)

A

subsoiling

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39
Q

operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit immediately
behind a tillage tool shank

A

vertical mulching

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40
Q

implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and
pulverizing the soil

A

general-purpose tillage implement

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41
Q

implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow

A

plow-harrow

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42
Q

implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as
row crop cultivator

A

rotary tiller

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43
Q

rotary plow
implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts which rotate
vertically

A

spiral plow

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44
Q

implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength and to
bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer

A

primary tillage implement

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45
Q

implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials

A

chisel plow

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46
Q

implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely
invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil

A

disc plow

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47
Q

implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials,
and pulverizes the soil

A

moldboard plow

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48
Q

turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow

A

right-hand plow

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49
Q

turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow

A

left-hand plow

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50
Q

eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation

A

two-way plow

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51
Q

implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers

A

subsoiler

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52
Q

implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds

A

secondary tillage implement

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53
Q

implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to
transplanting and for puddling and leveling
NOTE It consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.

A

comb-tooth harrow

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54
Q

implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and
growth

A

disc harrow

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55
Q

consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite
directions

A

single-action disc harrow

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56
Q

tandem disc harrow
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and
is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction
(usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions

A

double-action disc harrow

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57
Q

consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the
harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor

A

offset disc harrow

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58
Q

implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to
some form of primary tillage

A

field cultivator

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59
Q

implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil

A

packer

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60
Q

implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the
soil surface

A

roller-harrow

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61
Q

implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for
fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge

A

rotary hoe

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62
Q

implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through
standing crop rows without crop damage

A

row crop cultivator

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63
Q

implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain
maximum stirring and raking of soil

A

spike-tooth harrow

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64
Q

implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel

A

spring-tooth harrow

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65
Q

implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or
by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation

A

cultivating tillage implement

66
Q

implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral
adjustments of the tools for different row spacing

A

continuous-tool bar cultivator

67
Q

implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum
vertical clearance for the plants

A

separated gang cultivator

68
Q

soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes

A

bed shaper

69
Q

soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut
through the soil

A

blade

70
Q

circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil

A

coulter

71
Q

force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar
pull

A

draft

72
Q

operating width excluding overlap (see 2.6.18 and 2.6.19)

A

effective operating width

73
Q

effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the back
or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge

A

edge clearance angle

74
Q

minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing machine
element

A

ground clearance

75
Q

portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source

A

hitch

76
Q

horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of
the implement

A

implement width

77
Q

implement used to insert materials into the soil

A

injector

78
Q

miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly ahead
of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash

A

jointer

79
Q

horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when projected
upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel

A

lateral tool spacing

80
Q

line and direction along which the tillage implement travels

A

line of travel

81
Q

combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to
permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the
furrow

A

lister-planter

82
Q

horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected upon
a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel

A

longitudinal tool spacing

83
Q

single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control,
and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine

A

mechanical tillage implement

84
Q

distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms

A

horizontal clearance

85
Q

distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member such
as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc

A

vertical clearance

86
Q

distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously
tilled

A

operating overlap

87
Q

horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function

A

operating width

88
Q

soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive
tool movement

A

protected zone

89
Q

shedding
soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without significant
adhesion

A

scouring

90
Q

structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard

A

shank

91
Q

spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks, cultivators,
grain drills, and soil scarifiers

A

shovel

92
Q

side draft

horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion

A

side force

93
Q

machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage

A

soil-additive applicator

94
Q

machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil

A

soil-additive incorporator

95
Q

tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material such
as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers

A

soil opener

96
Q

rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting

A

soil roller

97
Q

path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool

A

soil-sliding path

98
Q

length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides

A

soil-sliding path length

99
Q

angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path

A

soil-ascending angle

100
Q

angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal
contour line constructed through the surface of the tool

A

soil-sliding angle

101
Q

configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with the
direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface

A

soil-tool geometry

102
Q

portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil

A

soil-working surface

103
Q

unit draft

draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section

A

specific draft

104
Q

beam

upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame

A

standard

105
Q

type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped

A

sweep

106
Q

projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil

A

teeth

107
Q

individual soil-working element

A

tillage tool

108
Q

tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact area to
the soil

A

complex tillage tools

109
Q

tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other than
along the line of travel

A

dynamic tillage tools

110
Q

tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power, or
draft and electrical power

A

multi-powered tillage tools

111
Q

tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil

A

simple tillage tools

112
Q

minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest
potentially obstructing implement element

A

tool clearance

113
Q

maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool performs
its intended function

A

tool-operating width

114
Q

position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with the
soil surface and the direction of travel

A

orientation, tool

115
Q

rake angle
angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil
surface

A

lift angle

116
Q

angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the
direction of travel

A

side angle

117
Q

angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the
soil surface

A

tilt angle

118
Q

distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides
with the operating width of another tool

A

tool overlap

119
Q

area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool

A

tool-skip area

120
Q

maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion

A

tool width

121
Q

vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a
vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel

A

vertical tool spacing

122
Q

projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can be
disturbed, or to control the nature and distance of soil movement. Wings usually have lift, tilt,
and side angles which are different from those found in the orientation of the main tool and
standard

A

wings

123
Q

scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil

A

soil abrasion

124
Q

sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels

A

soil adhesion

125
Q

act of reducing the specific volume of soil

A

soil compaction

126
Q

separation of a soil mass by a slicing action

A

soil cutting

127
Q

alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in
shearing, compression, or tearing

A

soil failure

128
Q

lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing

A

soil heaving

129
Q

soil response to the application of mechanical forces

A

soil reaction

130
Q

pulverization

general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage forces

A

soil shatter

131
Q

sliding of soil across a surface

A

soil sliding

132
Q

movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the
tillage tool

A

throw

133
Q

foreign
materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for directly
influencing the soil condition or environment

A

additive, soil

134
Q

masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on soilworking surfaces and act as a part of the tool

A

adhered soil bodies

135
Q 
hard pan
plow pan
plow soil
dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or
soil-shearing forces
A

compacted layer

136
Q

soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together

A

concretions

137
Q

thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement

A

covering depth

138
Q

all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign bodies
that have not originated in the soil’s development

A

foreign materials

139
Q

resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the
mechanical strength of the soil

A

mechanical impedance

140
Q

mechanical strength

degree of resistance of soil to deformation

A

mechanical stability

141
Q

clods

blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action

A

shear blocks

142
Q

failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared

A

shear surface

143
Q

initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear

A

primary shear surfaces

144
Q

shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or during
the initial displacement

A

secondary shear surfaces

145
Q

soil peds

agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural processes

A

soil aggregates

146
Q

degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose

A

tillability

147
Q

raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side

A

back furrow

148
Q

open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of
land after finishing of plowing
NOTE It is formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each other.

A

dead furrow

149
Q

trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice

A

furrow

150
Q

peak of the turned furrow slice

A

furrow crown

151
Q

ditch depth
pit depth
trench depth
depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface

A

furrow depth

152
Q

soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom

A

furrow slice

153
Q

undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow

A

furrow wall

154
Q

unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip

A

head land

155
Q

unplowed soil

A

land

156
Q

bed height
hill height
windrow height
height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface

A

ridge height

157
Q

soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots

A

root bed

158
Q

part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants

A

root zone

159
Q

soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds

A

seedbed

160
Q

weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or
on a dry basis (soil only, most common)

A

soil density

PAES (2 decks)

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