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Pathophys II - Final! > Mace - Reproductive > Flashcards

Mace - Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

2 functions of the reproductive system

A

production of gametes

fertilization

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2
Q

where does the production of gametes occur

A

testes

ovaries

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3
Q

what are the 2 gametes

A

sperm

ovum

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4
Q

gametes are produced by

A

meiosis of germ cells

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5
Q

meiosis of sperm produces __

meiosis of ovum produces __

A

spermatogonium

oogenium

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6
Q

in reference to chromosomes, sperm/ovum are __

and spermatogonium/oogenium are __

A

haploid (n)

diploid (2n)

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7
Q

sperm/ovum are haploid with __ chromosomes,

spermatogonium/oogenium are diploid with __ chromosomes

A

23

46

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8
Q

production of gametes __ the number of chromosomes,

without losing __

A

reduces

genetic information

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9
Q

fertilization occurs in the

A

fallopian tubes

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10
Q

fertilization produces __

A

zygotes

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11
Q

in terms of chromosome number, zygotes are __

A

diploid (2n)

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12
Q

fertilization __ the # of chromosomes

to __ state

A

restores

diploid (2n)

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13
Q

female sex hormones (5)

A

GnRH

FSH

LH

estrogen

progesterone

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14
Q

the __ releases GnRH

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

the anterior pituitary releases __ (2)

A

FSH

LH

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16
Q

what hormone is associated w. the ovarian follicle

A

estrogen

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17
Q

what hormone is associated with the corpus luteum

A

progesterone

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18
Q

male sex hormones

A

GnRH

FSH

LH

testosterone

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19
Q

testosterone is associated w. __ cells

A

interstitial

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20
Q

the __ is the gonad

and __ is the gamete

A

testis

sperm

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21
Q

development of the reproductive system starts in the __,

genital ridges are present by __ weeks,

and at __ weeks differentiation starts

A

yolk sac

6

12

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22
Q

differences in reproductive systems are visible by __ weeks

A

20

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23
Q

what 2 hormones do the testes produce

A

testosterone

MIF (mullerian inhibiting factor) (same-same AMH - anti mullerian hormone)

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24
Q

what hormone induces the development of the meonephric duct

A

testosterone

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25
Q

what does MIF/AMH do

A

inhibits female development

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26
Q

which reproductive system is the “default” system

A

female

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27
Q

do the ovaries produce any sex hormones

A

no

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28
Q

the paramesonephric duct is same-same __

and becomes the __

A

mullerian duct

fallopian tubes

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29
Q

exocrine fxn of the testis

A

sperm

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30
Q

endocrine fxn of the testis

A

testosterone

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31
Q

the testis are located __

in the __

A

outside the body

scrotum

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32
Q

what 2 structures regulate testicular temperature

A

tunica cremaster

tunica dartos

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33
Q

the cremaster is an extension of the __

and functions to __

A

abdominal muscles

lower and raise the testes

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34
Q

tunica dartos is composed of __

and fxn to __

A

smooth m

wrinkle skin

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35
Q

2 external structures of the testis

A

tunica vaginalis

tunica albuginea

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36
Q

what covers the epididymis

A

tunica vaingalis

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37
Q

the tunica albuguinea is made of __ and

reaches __

A

fibrous CT

deep/internally

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38
Q

fxn of the tunica albuginea

A

creates lobules for semineferous tubules

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39
Q

what structure is involved in a vasectomy

A

ductus deferens

same-same vas deferens

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40
Q

male pelvic region anatomy

A
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41
Q

structures of the male genitalia

A

testis

epididymis

ductus deferens

seminal vesicle

prostate gland

penis

urethra

scrotum

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42
Q

5 structures of the spermatic cord

A

spermatic fascia

vas deferens

cremaster m

testicular a

pampiniform plexus

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43
Q

during spermiogenesis, what are the different forms of sperm

A

spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte → spermatid → sperm

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44
Q

the first division of spermiogenesis is __,

and occurs at the __

A

mitosis

blood testis barrier

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45
Q

where does spermiogenesis occur

A

wall of seminiferous tubule

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46
Q

in spermiogenesis, when are sperm considered sperm

A

lumen of seminiferous tubule

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47
Q

spermatogonium have __ chromosomes,

and divide to become __,

which are __

A

46 (diploid)

primary spermatocytes

diploid (46)

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48
Q

during meiosis I, __ divide into

__, which have

__ chromosomes

A

primary spermatocytes

secondary spermatocytes

23

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49
Q

during meiosis II, __ divide into

__, which have

__ chromosomes

A

secondary spermatocytes

spermatid

23

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50
Q

spermatids become __

A

sperm

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51
Q

meosis I and meiosis II occur in the

A

wall of the seminiferous tubule

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52
Q

the blood testis barrier

a. prevents abs in the blood from getting to germ cells
b. prevents heat loss from the testes
c. prevents blood from getting to the testes
d. maintains testis temp at 35 degrees
e. maintains testis temp at 37 degrees

A

a. prevents abs in the blood fro getting to the germ cells (and killing them)

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53
Q

the __ has/have no androgen receptors and do not respond to it

a. germ cells
b. muscular tissue
c. sustentacular cells
d. hypothalamus
e. pituitary gland

A

a. germ cells

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54
Q

3 parts of the urethra

A

prostatic

membranous

spongy

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55
Q

ducts/glands of the male reproductive tract

A

ejaculatory duct

prostate gland

bulbourethral gland

ductus deferens

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56
Q

pathway of sperm cells from formation to ejaculation

A

seminiferous tubules → rete testis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

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57
Q

fxn of male internal accessory organs

A

nurture/transport sperm cells

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58
Q

what are the 6 male internal accessory glands

A

epididymides

ductus deferentia

ejaculatory ducts

urethra

prostate gland

bulbourethral glands

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59
Q

tightly coiled tubes at the top of each testis

A

epididymis

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60
Q

epididymis are connected to __ w.in the testis,

and promote __

A

ducts

maturation of sperm cells

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61
Q

describe the cilia of epididymis

A

non motile

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62
Q

muscular tubes that extend from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

A

ductus deferentia (vas deferens)

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63
Q

ductus deferens measure ~ __ cm each

A

45

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64
Q

ductus deferens is composed of what type of cell and muscle

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

smooth m

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65
Q

the __ are attached to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder

A

seminal vessicles

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66
Q

what 3 substances do the seminal vesicles secrete

A

alkaline fluid

fructose

prostaglandins

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67
Q

the contents of the seminal vesicles empty into the __

A

ejaculatory duct

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68
Q

what structure surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra

A

prostate gland

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69
Q

the ducts of the prostate gland open into the

A

urethra

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70
Q

what type of fluid does the prostate gland secrete

A

thin

milky

alklaline

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71
Q

fxn of prostate gland secretion

A

enhances sperm mobility

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72
Q

the prostate gland is composed of __ glands in

__ tissue,

and also contains __ muscle

A

tubular

connective

smooth

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73
Q

what structure is inferior to the prostate gland

A

bulbourethral glands

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74
Q

bulbourethral glands are same-same

A

cowper’s glands

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75
Q

describe the fluid secreted by the bulbourethral glands

A

mucus-like

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76
Q

the bulbourethral glands secrete fluid in response to __

A

sexual stimulation

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77
Q

fluid the urethra conveys during ejaculation

A

semen

duh!

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78
Q

components of semen (4)

A

sperm cells

secretions

prostaglandins

nutrients

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79
Q

semen contains the secretions of what 3 structures

A

seminal vesicles

prostate gland

bulbourethral gland

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80
Q

in terms of pH, semen is slightly __

A

alkaline

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81
Q

location of rete testes

A

between seminiferous tubules and epididymis

82
Q

fxn of rete testis

A

transports sperm from testicle to epididymis

83
Q

volume of semen per ejaculation

A

2-5 mm

84
Q

average # of sperm cells per mm of semen

A

120 million

85
Q

draw this out

A
86
Q

__ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete

__

a. GnRH; LH
b. FSH; ABP
c. LH; ABP
d. LH; testosterone
e. LH; estrogen

A

d. LH; testosterone

87
Q

draw this out

A
88
Q

when the __ artery of the penis dilates erectile tissue engorges w. blood and the penis becomes erect

A

deep artery

89
Q

___ m relaxation allows for engorgement of erectile tissue and erection

A

trabecular

90
Q

what gland secretes fluid during erection

A

bulbourethral

91
Q

draw this out

A
92
Q

what are the 3 stages of ejaculation

A

emission

expulsion

resolution/refractory

93
Q

emission and expulsion stages are same-same

A

orgasm

94
Q

during the emission stage, the __ exhibits peristalsis,

sperm are moved into the __, which contracts,

and sperm are moved into the __

A

ductus deferens

ampulla

urethra

95
Q

during the expulsion stage, the __

and __ release additional secretion,

and the __ contracts and urine is retained in the bladder

A

prostate

seminal vessicles

internal urethral sphincter

96
Q

during the expulsion stage, the __ m contracts and rhythmically compresses the

__ and

__ of the penis,

and semen is expelled

A

bulbocavernous m

bulb

root

97
Q

the emission and expulsion stages rely on __ signals

and the movement of semen into the urethra rely on __ signals

A

efferent sympathetic

afferent

98
Q

what nerve roots control the emission stage

A

L1-L2

99
Q

what nerve roots control the expulsion stage

A

L1-S4

100
Q

what nerve roots control resolution/refractory stage of ejaculation

A

L1-L2

101
Q

the resolution/refractory stage of ejaculation relies on __ signals

A

efferent sympathetic

102
Q

during the resolution/refractory phase of ejaculation, the __ artery constricts, and reduces blood flow to the penis,

the __ contracts to squeeze blood from the erectile tissues,

and the penis becomes __

A

pudendal

trabecular m

detumescent (flaccid)

103
Q

erection is

a. autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by PSNS fibers
b. an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by SNS fibers
c. a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by PSNS fibers
d. a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by SNS fibers
e. an exclusively voluntary action mediated by the cortex

A

a. autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by PSNS nerve fibers

104
Q

what 6 changes occur in puberty

A

increased erythropoiesis

thickening of skin

increased BMR

increased sebum production

increased size of 2nd sex organs

pubic and axillary hair growth

105
Q

t/f: larynx changes occur only in males during puberty

A

f! → just occur less in females

106
Q

climacteric event in males

A

decreased levels of testosterone w. continuing spermatogenesis

107
Q

climacteric event in females

A

menopause → no menses x 12 mo

108
Q

3 sx of menopause

A

hot flashes

thinner vaginal wall → dry

uterus shrinks

109
Q

menopause increases risk for what 2 diseases

A

CVD

osteoporosis

110
Q

after puberty, the vaginal lining becomes __

to __

a. simple squamous epithelium; allow fast diffusion of nutrients in case a zygote is implanted
b. stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion
c. transitional epithelium; provide more elasticity necessary for coitus and delivery
d. simple columnar; facilitate sperm absorption and secretion of vaginal lubricants
e. simple cuboidal; provide protection and lubrication

A

b. stratified squamous epithelium to resist abrasion

111
Q

the appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a stage specifically called

a. puberty
b. climacteric
c. thelarche
d. pubarche
e. menarche

A

c. pubarche

112
Q

female pelvic region

A
113
Q

ovary overview

A
114
Q

what cells produce estrogen

A

granulosa

115
Q

3 steps of oogenesis

A
  1. prenatal
  2. adolescence to menopause
  3. fertilization
116
Q

development of egg (oogenesis)

A

prenatal stage

117
Q

during the prenatal stage, __ occurs

and the __ multiplies to form a

__

A

mitosis

oogonia

primary oocyte

118
Q

during the prenatal stage, the primary oocyte enters __,

but this phase stops in __

A

meiosis I

prophase I

119
Q

during adolescence to menopause __ phases are observed

__

A

ovarian

monthly

120
Q

during adolescence to menopause, __ finishes

and __ begins

A

meiosis I

meiosis II

121
Q

during meiosis I, the __

of the __ dies,

and the __ is ovulated

A

first polar body

secondary oocyte

secondary oocyte

122
Q

the adolescence to menopause phase stops w.

A

the start of meiosis II

123
Q

during fertilization, the __ is fertilized

and enters __ to form a

__,

which becomes a __

A

secondary oocyte

meiosis II

zygote

embryo

124
Q

ovum refers to any stage from __;

oocyte refers to __

A

primary

until fertilization

125
Q

stages of follicular development

A

primordial follicle → primary follicle → secondary follicle → mature/tertiary follicle → ovulation

126
Q

primordial follicles are made of __ cells

A

simple squamous

127
Q

primary follicles are made of __ cells

A

granulosa (cuboidal)

128
Q

secondary follicles are associated w.

A

antrum starting

129
Q

mature/tertiary follicles are associated w.

A

corona radiata/cumulus oophorus

130
Q

ovulation is exit from the

A

ovaries

131
Q

oogenesis phases

A

primary oocyte (prophase I) → primary oocyte → primary (finishes meiosis I) → secondary oocyte starts → secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis II/metaphase → secondary oocyte (arrested)

132
Q

secondary female sex organs (3)

A

duct system

vagina

external genitalia

133
Q

the female duct system involves (2)

A

uterine tubes

uterus

134
Q

site of fertilization and artificial sterilization

A

uterine tubes

135
Q

3 regions of the uterus

A

cervix

body

fundus

136
Q

3 layers of the uterus

A

endometrium

myometrium

perimetrium

137
Q

describe the vagina (3)

A

muscular tube

birth canal

acidic

138
Q

what happens to the vagina during puberty

A

metaplasia

139
Q

external genitalia (4)

A

clitoris

labia minora

labia majora

acessory glands

140
Q

female sex accessory glands

A

greater vestibular gland (Bartholian)

lesser vestibular gland (Skene’s)

paraurethral gland (Skene’s)

141
Q

the female accessory glands open into the

A

vesitbule

142
Q

uterine tube/uterus anatomy

A
143
Q

female sex hormones

A

estrogen

progesterone

144
Q

estrogen is associated w. (3)

A

egg maturation

proliferation of stratum functionalis

secondary sex characteristics

145
Q

secondary sex characteristics appear in

A

puberty

146
Q

cyclic absence of estrogen leads to

A

onset of menstrual cycle

147
Q

drop in estrogen in middle age leads to

A

menopause

148
Q

progesterone is associated w. (3)

A

preparation of uterus for pregnancy

pregnancy maintenance

breast development

149
Q

3 phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. follicular
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal
150
Q

the follicular phase occurs during days __

thru __

A

1 - 13

151
Q

ovulation occurs on day __

A

14

152
Q

the luteal phase occurs during days __

thru __

A

15

28

153
Q

what hormone is in charge during the follicular phase

A

FSH

154
Q

FSH leads to __ secretion by

__

A

estrogen

granulosa cells

155
Q

__ cells produce the precursor for granulosa cells/estrogen

A

theca

156
Q

what is folliculogenesis

A

maturation from premordial follicle to tertiary follicle

157
Q

tertiary follicles are same-same

A

mature follicle

158
Q

folliculogenesis occurs during the __ phase

A

follicular

duh!

159
Q

__ surge is required for ovulation

A

LH

160
Q

the LH surge during ovulation relies on

A

continued increase of estrogen

161
Q

during ovulation, the __ leaves the ovaries

A

oocyte

162
Q

what hormone is in charge during the luteal phase

A

LH

163
Q

LH induces the formation of the

A

corpus luteum

164
Q

what doe the corpus luteum secrete (2)

A

estrogen

progesterone

165
Q

draw this out… sorry! :(

A
166
Q

4 phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. menstrual phase
  2. proliferative phase
  3. secretory phase
  4. premenstrual phase
167
Q

the menstrual phase occurs during days __

thru __

A

1 - 5

168
Q

the proliferative phase occurs during days __

thru __

A

6 - 14

169
Q

the secretory phase occurs during days __

thru __

A

15 - 26

170
Q

the premenstrual phase occurs during days __

thru __

A

27-28

171
Q

hormones in charge during secretory and proliferative phases

A

proliferative: estrogen
secretory: progesterone

172
Q

the premenstrual phase is caused by

A

decrease in progesterone

173
Q

extrusion of stradium functionalis

stratum basale not affect (?)

enzymes prevent clotting

A

menstrual phase

174
Q

regrowth of stratum functionalis

built of endometrial glands

angiogenesis (spiral arteries)

A

proliferative phase

175
Q

nutrient enrichment → mature endometrial gland

fully developed spiral arteries

A

secretory phase

176
Q

retraction of spiral arteries

cell death by necrosis

A

premenstrual phase

177
Q

menstrual cycle phases

A
178
Q

after expelling the oocyte, the follicle becomes the __ and secretes

__

A

corpus luteum

estrogen and progesterone

179
Q

which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase

a. GnRH
b. FSH
c. LH
d. progesterone
e. estradiol

A

d. progesterone

180
Q

what are the 2 gonadotropins involved in the ovarian cycle

A

FSH

LH

181
Q

ovarian cycle

A
182
Q

the term menstrual cycle specifically refers to

a. the sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth
b. the events that recur every month during pregnancy
c. the cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause
d. the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by the shifting hormone changes
e. the cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by the shifting hormone changes

A

d. the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by the shifting hormone changes

183
Q

fxn of the mammary glands

A

milk production

184
Q

location of the mammary glands

A

superficial to pectoralis major m

185
Q

structural hierarchy of the mammary glands (4)

A

alveoli

lobule

lobe

lactiferoys sinus

186
Q

what is thelarche

A

development of mammary glands during puberty

187
Q

thelarche is dependent on

A

estrogen

progesterone

188
Q

lactation is reliant on (2)

A

prolactin

oxytocin

189
Q

5 phases of female arousal

A
  1. unstimulated
  2. excitement/arousal
  3. plateau
  4. orgasm
  5. resolution
190
Q

in the unstimulated female:

the uterus tilts __ over the

__;

the vagina is relatively __,

and the __ is retracted

A

forward

bladder

narrow

labia minora

191
Q

during the female excitement/arousal phase:

the uterus stands more __;

the inner end of the vagina __;

the labia minora become __ and may extend beyond the labia majora

A

superiorly

dilates

vasocongested

192
Q

during female sexual response/arousal:

the vaginal mucosa become __

due to __;

and the __ moistens the vagina and vestibule

A

red to violet

hyperemia

vaginal transudate

193
Q

during plateau, the uterus is __;

cervix is __ from the vagina;

the lower ⅓ o the vagina __

A

tented/erected

withdrawn

constricts the penis

194
Q

during the plateau phase:

the clitoris is __,

and its glans is __ beneath the prepuce;

and the labia are __

A

engorged

withdrawn

bright red/violet

195
Q

what creates the orgasmic platform

A

lower one third of the vagina

196
Q

during orgasm, the uterus exhibits

A

peristaltic contractions

197
Q

orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically

cervix may dip into pool of semen

anal and urinary sphincters constrict

A

orgasm

198
Q

uterus returns to original position

orgasmic platform relaxe

inner end of vagina constricts and returns to original dimensions

A

resolution

199
Q

mammary glands develop w.in the breasts primarily

a. during last weeks of fetal development
b. at birth
c. during infancy
d. during puberty
e. during pregnancy

A

d. during puberty

200
Q

the basis for contraceptive pills is that they mimic the __ feedback effects of

__

a. positive; FSH and LH
b. positive; estrogens and progesterone
c. negative; FSH and LH
d. negative; hCG
e. negative; estrogens and progesterone

A

e. negative; estrogens and progesterone

Pathophys II - Final! (4 decks)

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