Mace - Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
2 functions of the reproductive system
A
production of gametes
fertilization
2
Q
where does the production of gametes occur
A
testes
ovaries
3
Q
what are the 2 gametes
A
sperm
ovum
4
Q
gametes are produced by
A
meiosis of germ cells
5
Q
meiosis of sperm produces __
meiosis of ovum produces __
A
spermatogonium
oogenium
6
Q
in reference to chromosomes, sperm/ovum are __
and spermatogonium/oogenium are __
A
haploid (n)
diploid (2n)
7
Q
sperm/ovum are haploid with __ chromosomes,
spermatogonium/oogenium are diploid with __ chromosomes
A
23
46
8
Q
production of gametes __ the number of chromosomes,
without losing __
A
reduces
genetic information
9
Q
fertilization occurs in the
A
fallopian tubes
10
Q
fertilization produces __
A
zygotes
11
Q
in terms of chromosome number, zygotes are __
A
diploid (2n)
12
Q
fertilization __ the # of chromosomes
to __ state
A
restores
diploid (2n)
13
Q
female sex hormones (5)
A
GnRH
FSH
LH
estrogen
progesterone
14
Q
the __ releases GnRH
A
hypothalamus
15
Q
the anterior pituitary releases __ (2)
A
FSH
LH
16
Q
what hormone is associated w. the ovarian follicle
A
estrogen
17
Q
what hormone is associated with the corpus luteum
A
progesterone
18
Q
male sex hormones
A
GnRH
FSH
LH
testosterone
19
Q
testosterone is associated w. __ cells
A
interstitial
20
Q
the __ is the gonad
and __ is the gamete
A
testis
sperm
21
Q
development of the reproductive system starts in the __,
genital ridges are present by __ weeks,
and at __ weeks differentiation starts
A
yolk sac
6
12
22
Q
differences in reproductive systems are visible by __ weeks
A
20
23
Q
what 2 hormones do the testes produce
A
testosterone
MIF (mullerian inhibiting factor) (same-same AMH - anti mullerian hormone)
24
Q
what hormone induces the development of the meonephric duct
A
testosterone
25
what does MIF/AMH do
inhibits female development
26
which reproductive system is the “default” system
female
27
do the ovaries produce any sex hormones
no
28
the paramesonephric duct is same-same \_\_
and becomes the \_\_
mullerian duct
fallopian tubes
29
exocrine fxn of the testis
sperm
30
endocrine fxn of the testis
testosterone
31
the testis are located \_\_
in the \_\_
outside the body
scrotum
32
what 2 structures regulate testicular temperature
tunica cremaster
tunica dartos
33
the cremaster is an extension of the \_\_
and functions to \_\_
abdominal muscles
lower and raise the testes
34
tunica dartos is composed of \_\_
and fxn to \_\_
smooth m
wrinkle skin
35
2 external structures of the testis
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
36
what covers the epididymis
tunica vaingalis
37
the tunica albuguinea is made of __ and
reaches \_\_
fibrous CT
deep/internally
38
fxn of the tunica albuginea
creates lobules for semineferous tubules
39
what structure is involved in a vasectomy
ductus deferens
same-same vas deferens
40
male pelvic region anatomy
41
structures of the male genitalia
testis
epididymis
ductus deferens
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
penis
urethra
scrotum
42
5 structures of the spermatic cord
spermatic fascia
vas deferens
cremaster m
testicular a
pampiniform plexus
43
during spermiogenesis, what are the different forms of sperm
spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte → spermatid → sperm
44
the first division of spermiogenesis is \_\_,
and occurs at the \_\_
mitosis
blood testis barrier
45
where does spermiogenesis occur
wall of seminiferous tubule
46
in spermiogenesis, when are sperm considered sperm
lumen of seminiferous tubule
47
spermatogonium have __ chromosomes,
and divide to become \_\_,
which are \_\_
46 (diploid)
primary spermatocytes
diploid (46)
48
during meiosis I, __ divide into
\_\_, which have
\_\_ chromosomes
primary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes
23
49
during meiosis II, __ divide into
\_\_, which have
\_\_ chromosomes
secondary spermatocytes
spermatid
23
50
spermatids become \_\_
sperm
51
meosis I and meiosis II occur in the
wall of the seminiferous tubule
52
the blood testis barrier
a. prevents abs in the blood from getting to germ cells
b. prevents heat loss from the testes
c. prevents blood from getting to the testes
d. maintains testis temp at 35 degrees
e. maintains testis temp at 37 degrees
a. prevents abs in the blood fro getting to the germ cells (and killing them)
53
the __ has/have no androgen receptors and do not respond to it
a. germ cells
b. muscular tissue
c. sustentacular cells
d. hypothalamus
e. pituitary gland
a. germ cells
54
3 parts of the urethra
prostatic
membranous
spongy
55
ducts/glands of the male reproductive tract
ejaculatory duct
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
ductus deferens
56
pathway of sperm cells from formation to ejaculation
seminiferous tubules → rete testis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra
57
fxn of male internal accessory organs
nurture/transport sperm cells
58
what are the 6 male internal accessory glands
epididymides
ductus deferentia
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
59
tightly coiled tubes at the top of each testis
epididymis
60
epididymis are connected to __ w.in the testis,
and promote \_\_
ducts
maturation of sperm cells
61
describe the cilia of epididymis
non motile
62
muscular tubes that extend from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
ductus deferentia (vas deferens)
63
ductus deferens measure ~ __ cm each
45
64
ductus deferens is composed of what type of cell and muscle
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
smooth m
65
the __ are attached to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder
seminal vessicles
66
what 3 substances do the seminal vesicles secrete
alkaline fluid
fructose
prostaglandins
67
the contents of the seminal vesicles empty into the \_\_
ejaculatory duct
68
what structure surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra
prostate gland
69
the ducts of the prostate gland open into the
urethra
70
what type of fluid does the prostate gland secrete
thin
milky
alklaline
71
fxn of prostate gland secretion
enhances sperm mobility
72
the prostate gland is composed of __ glands in
\_\_ tissue,
and also contains __ muscle
tubular
connective
smooth
73
what structure is inferior to the prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
74
bulbourethral glands are same-same
cowper's glands
75
describe the fluid secreted by the bulbourethral glands
mucus-like
76
the bulbourethral glands secrete fluid in response to \_\_
sexual stimulation
77
fluid the urethra conveys during ejaculation
semen
duh!
78
components of semen (4)
sperm cells
secretions
prostaglandins
nutrients
79
semen contains the secretions of what 3 structures
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
80
in terms of pH, semen is slightly \_\_
alkaline
81
location of rete testes
between seminiferous tubules and epididymis
82
fxn of rete testis
transports sperm from testicle to epididymis
83
volume of semen per ejaculation
2-5 mm
84
average # of sperm cells per mm of semen
120 million
85
draw this out
86
\_\_ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete
\_\_
a. GnRH; LH
b. FSH; ABP
c. LH; ABP
d. LH; testosterone
e. LH; estrogen
d. LH; testosterone
87
draw this out
88
when the __ artery of the penis dilates erectile tissue engorges w. blood and the penis becomes erect
deep artery
89
\_\_\_ m relaxation allows for engorgement of erectile tissue and erection
trabecular
90
what gland secretes fluid during erection
bulbourethral
91
draw this out
92
what are the 3 stages of ejaculation
emission
expulsion
resolution/refractory
93
emission and expulsion stages are same-same
orgasm
94
during the emission stage, the __ exhibits peristalsis,
sperm are moved into the \_\_, which contracts,
and sperm are moved into the \_\_
ductus deferens
ampulla
urethra
95
during the expulsion stage, the \_\_
and __ release additional secretion,
and the __ contracts and urine is retained in the bladder
prostate
seminal vessicles
internal urethral sphincter
96
during the expulsion stage, the __ m contracts and rhythmically compresses the
\_\_ and
\_\_ of the penis,
and semen is expelled
bulbocavernous m
bulb
root
97
the emission and expulsion stages rely on __ signals
and the movement of semen into the urethra rely on __ signals
efferent sympathetic
afferent
98
what nerve roots control the emission stage
L1-L2
99
what nerve roots control the expulsion stage
L1-S4
100
what nerve roots control resolution/refractory stage of ejaculation
L1-L2
101
the resolution/refractory stage of ejaculation relies on __ signals
efferent sympathetic
102
during the resolution/refractory phase of ejaculation, the __ artery constricts, and reduces blood flow to the penis,
the __ contracts to squeeze blood from the erectile tissues,
and the penis becomes \_\_
pudendal
trabecular m
detumescent (flaccid)
103
erection is
a. autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by PSNS fibers
b. an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by SNS fibers
c. a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by PSNS fibers
d. a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by SNS fibers
e. an exclusively voluntary action mediated by the cortex
a. autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by PSNS nerve fibers
104
what 6 changes occur in puberty
increased erythropoiesis
thickening of skin
increased BMR
increased sebum production
increased size of 2nd sex organs
pubic and axillary hair growth
105
t/f: larynx changes occur only in males during puberty
f! → just occur less in females
106
climacteric event in males
decreased levels of testosterone w. continuing spermatogenesis
107
climacteric event in females
menopause → no menses x 12 mo
108
3 sx of menopause
hot flashes
thinner vaginal wall → dry
uterus shrinks
109
menopause increases risk for what 2 diseases
CVD
osteoporosis
110
after puberty, the vaginal lining becomes \_\_
to \_\_
a. simple squamous epithelium; allow fast diffusion of nutrients in case a zygote is implanted
b. stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion
c. transitional epithelium; provide more elasticity necessary for coitus and delivery
d. simple columnar; facilitate sperm absorption and secretion of vaginal lubricants
e. simple cuboidal; provide protection and lubrication
b. stratified squamous epithelium to resist abrasion
111
the appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a stage specifically called
a. puberty
b. climacteric
c. thelarche
d. pubarche
e. menarche
c. pubarche
112
female pelvic region
113
ovary overview
114
what cells produce estrogen
granulosa
115
3 steps of oogenesis
1. prenatal
2. adolescence to menopause
3. fertilization
116
development of egg (oogenesis)
prenatal stage
117
during the prenatal stage, __ occurs
and the __ multiplies to form a
\_\_
mitosis
oogonia
primary oocyte
118
during the prenatal stage, the primary oocyte enters \_\_,
but this phase stops in \_\_
meiosis I
prophase I
119
during adolescence to menopause __ phases are observed
\_\_
ovarian
monthly
120
during adolescence to menopause, __ finishes
and __ begins
meiosis I
meiosis II
121
during meiosis I, the \_\_
of the __ dies,
and the __ is ovulated
first polar body
secondary oocyte
secondary oocyte
122
the adolescence to menopause phase stops w.
the start of meiosis II
123
during fertilization, the __ is fertilized
and enters __ to form a
\_\_,
which becomes a \_\_
secondary oocyte
meiosis II
zygote
embryo
124
ovum refers to any stage from \_\_;
oocyte refers to \_\_
primary
until fertilization
125
stages of follicular development
primordial follicle → primary follicle → secondary follicle → mature/tertiary follicle → ovulation
126
primordial follicles are made of __ cells
simple squamous
127
primary follicles are made of __ cells
granulosa (cuboidal)
128
secondary follicles are associated w.
antrum starting
129
mature/tertiary follicles are associated w.
corona radiata/cumulus oophorus
130
ovulation is exit from the
ovaries
131
oogenesis phases
primary oocyte (prophase I) → primary oocyte → primary (finishes meiosis I) → secondary oocyte starts → secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis II/metaphase → secondary oocyte (arrested)
132
secondary female sex organs (3)
duct system
vagina
external genitalia
133
the female duct system involves (2)
uterine tubes
uterus
134
site of fertilization and artificial sterilization
uterine tubes
135
3 regions of the uterus
cervix
body
fundus
136
3 layers of the uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
137
describe the vagina (3)
muscular tube
birth canal
acidic
138
what happens to the vagina during puberty
metaplasia
139
external genitalia (4)
clitoris
labia minora
labia majora
acessory glands
140
female sex accessory glands
greater vestibular gland (Bartholian)
lesser vestibular gland (Skene's)
paraurethral gland (Skene's)
141
the female accessory glands open into the
vesitbule
142
uterine tube/uterus anatomy
143
female sex hormones
estrogen
progesterone
144
estrogen is associated w. (3)
egg maturation
proliferation of stratum functionalis
secondary sex characteristics
145
secondary sex characteristics appear in
puberty
146
cyclic absence of estrogen leads to
onset of menstrual cycle
147
drop in estrogen in middle age leads to
menopause
148
progesterone is associated w. (3)
preparation of uterus for pregnancy
pregnancy maintenance
breast development
149
3 phases of the ovarian cycle
1. follicular
2. ovulation
3. luteal
150
the follicular phase occurs during days \_\_
thru \_\_
1 - 13
151
ovulation occurs on day \_\_
14
152
the luteal phase occurs during days \_\_
thru \_\_
15
28
153
what hormone is in charge during the follicular phase
FSH
154
FSH leads to __ secretion by
\_\_
estrogen
granulosa cells
155
\_\_ cells produce the precursor for granulosa cells/estrogen
theca
156
what is folliculogenesis
maturation from premordial follicle to tertiary follicle
157
tertiary follicles are same-same
mature follicle
158
folliculogenesis occurs during the __ phase
follicular
duh!
159
\_\_ surge is required for ovulation
LH
160
the LH surge during ovulation relies on
continued increase of estrogen
161
during ovulation, the __ leaves the ovaries
oocyte
162
what hormone is in charge during the luteal phase
LH
163
LH induces the formation of the
corpus luteum
164
what doe the corpus luteum secrete (2)
estrogen
progesterone
165
draw this out… sorry! :(
166
4 phases of the menstrual cycle
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferative phase
3. secretory phase
4. premenstrual phase
167
the menstrual phase occurs during days \_\_
thru \_\_
1 - 5
168
the proliferative phase occurs during days \_\_
thru \_\_
6 - 14
169
the secretory phase occurs during days \_\_
thru \_\_
15 - 26
170
the premenstrual phase occurs during days \_\_
thru \_\_
27-28
171
hormones in charge during secretory and proliferative phases
proliferative: estrogen
secretory: progesterone
172
the premenstrual phase is caused by
decrease in progesterone
173
extrusion of stradium functionalis
stratum basale not affect (?)
enzymes prevent clotting
menstrual phase
174
regrowth of stratum functionalis
built of endometrial glands
angiogenesis (spiral arteries)
proliferative phase
175
nutrient enrichment → mature endometrial gland
fully developed spiral arteries
secretory phase
176
retraction of spiral arteries
cell death by necrosis
premenstrual phase
177
menstrual cycle phases
178
after expelling the oocyte, the follicle becomes the __ and secretes
\_\_
corpus luteum
estrogen and progesterone
179
which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase
a. GnRH
b. FSH
c. LH
d. progesterone
e. estradiol
d. progesterone
180
what are the 2 gonadotropins involved in the ovarian cycle
FSH
LH
181
ovarian cycle
182
the term menstrual cycle specifically refers to
a. the sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth
b. the events that recur every month during pregnancy
c. the cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause
d. the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by the shifting hormone changes
e. the cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by the shifting hormone changes
d. the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by the shifting hormone changes
183
fxn of the mammary glands
milk production
184
location of the mammary glands
superficial to pectoralis major m
185
structural hierarchy of the mammary glands (4)
alveoli
lobule
lobe
lactiferoys sinus
186
what is thelarche
development of mammary glands during puberty
187
thelarche is dependent on
estrogen
progesterone
188
lactation is reliant on (2)
**prolactin**
oxytocin
189
5 phases of female arousal
1. unstimulated
2. excitement/arousal
3. plateau
4. orgasm
5. resolution
190
in the unstimulated female:
the uterus tilts __ over the
\_\_;
the vagina is relatively \_\_,
and the __ is retracted
forward
bladder
narrow
labia minora
191
during the female excitement/arousal phase:
the uterus stands more \_\_;
the inner end of the vagina \_\_;
the labia minora become __ and may extend beyond the labia majora
superiorly
dilates
vasocongested
192
during female sexual response/arousal:
the vaginal mucosa become \_\_
due to \_\_;
and the __ moistens the vagina and vestibule
red to violet
hyperemia
vaginal transudate
193
during plateau, the uterus is \_\_;
cervix is __ from the vagina;
the lower ⅓ o the vagina \_\_
tented/erected
withdrawn
constricts the penis
194
during the plateau phase:
the clitoris is \_\_,
and its glans is __ beneath the prepuce;
and the labia are \_\_
engorged
withdrawn
bright red/violet
195
what creates the orgasmic platform
lower one third of the vagina
196
during orgasm, the uterus exhibits
peristaltic contractions
197
orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically
cervix may dip into pool of semen
anal and urinary sphincters constrict
orgasm
198
uterus returns to original position
orgasmic platform relaxe
inner end of vagina constricts and returns to original dimensions
resolution
199
mammary glands develop w.in the breasts primarily
a. during last weeks of fetal development
b. at birth
c. during infancy
d. during puberty
e. during pregnancy
d. during puberty
200
the basis for contraceptive pills is that they mimic the __ feedback effects of
\_\_
a. positive; FSH and LH
b. positive; estrogens and progesterone
c. negative; FSH and LH
d. negative; hCG
e. negative; estrogens and progesterone
e. negative; estrogens and progesterone
