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Pathophys II - Exam 1 > Mace - Integumentary > Flashcards

Mace - Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 components of the integumentary system

A
  1. skin
  2. derivatives of skin
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2
Q

skin is also called (2)

A

cutaneous membrane

integument

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3
Q

skin is composed of (2)

A
  1. epidermis → epithelium
  2. dermis
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4
Q

the dermis is composed of

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

what are the 5 derivatives of skin

A
  1. hairs
  2. sweat glands
  3. sebaceous glands
  4. ceruminous glands
  5. nails
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6
Q

what 2 types of tissue is the hypodermis composed of

A
  1. adipose CT
  2. areolar CT
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7
Q

is the hypodermis a part of the skin

A

no!

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8
Q

what is the epidermis composed of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

what is the primary cell in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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10
Q

list the layers of the epidermis (deep to superficial)

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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11
Q

which layers of the epidermis are living keratinocytes

A

basale

spinosum

granulosum

→ 1st 3

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12
Q

which layers of the epidermis are dead keratinocytes

A

lucidum

corneum

→ 2 most superficial

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13
Q

the stratum basale is the __ layer of the epidermis

A

deepest

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14
Q

what is the stratum basale is a __ layer of

___ to

___ cells

A

single

cuboidal

low columnar

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15
Q

what is the stratum basale attached to

A

the underlying basement membrane that separates the epidermis from the dermis

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16
Q

which layers of the epidermis contains the sensory nerve endings for sensing pain and temp

A

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

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17
Q

what 3 cell types are in the stratum basale

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. tactile cells
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18
Q

what is the fxn of keartinocytes

A

divide to regenerate new cells → replace old cells that shed at the surface

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19
Q

what is the fxn of melanocytes (4)

A
  1. produce and store melanin in response to UV light
  2. transfer pigment granules into keratinocytes
  3. accumulate around nucleus of keratinocytes to shield nuclear DNA from UV radiation
  4. create darker tones of skin
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20
Q

tactile cells are also called

A

Merkel cells

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21
Q

what are merkel cells

A

modified nerve endings

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22
Q

what is the fxn of tactile (merkel) cells

A

sensitive to touch → when compressed → release chemicals to stimulate nerve endings

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23
Q

the stratum spinosium is also called

A

the spiny layer

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24
Q

stratum spinosium is composed of several layers of

A

polygonal keratinocytes

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25
where do the cells in the stratum spinosum come from
pushed up from the stratum basale
26
cells that are pushed from the stratum basale into the stratum spinosum become
specialized non-dividing keartinocytes
27
are all of the cells in the stratum spinosum non-dividing
no - some in the deepest layer are still dividing
28
the stratum spinosum contains snesory nerve endings for pain and temp and also
epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)
29
what is the fxn of Langerhans cells (epidermal dendritic cells)
immune cells that help initiate immune response
30
what do Langerhans cells respond to
pathogens and epidermal cancer cells
31
the stratum granulosum is composed of
3-5 layers of keratinocytes
32
what happens in the stratum ganulosum
the first layer of keratinization
33
what happens in the first layer of keratinization
1. keratinocytes fill with keratin → causes nucleus and organelles to disintegrate
34
fully keratinized cells dead but
structurally sound → maintain shape
35
the process of keratinization is not complete until
the cells work their way to ore superficial layers
36
stratum lucidum is made of
2-3 layers of keratinocytes
37
where is stratum lucidum found
only on thick skin → palms and soles
38
why does the stratum lucidum appear translucent
the keratinocytes fill with a translucent protein called eleiden
39
what is eleiden
intermediate product in keratin maturation
40
stratum corneum is also called
hornlike layer
41
what is the stratum corneum made of
several layers of dead, interlocking keratinized keratinocytes
42
the keratinized keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are (3)
1. anucleate 2. tightly packed 3. plasma membrane enclosing keratin protein
43
how long does the migration of keratinocytes to the stratum corneum take
2 weeks
44
how long do the keratinocytes remain in the stratum corneum before shedding
2 weeks
45
what are 2 antimicrobial characteristics of the epidermis
1. surface unsuitable for growth of many microorganisms 2. secretion of exocrine glands help prevent growth
46
what layers of epidermal strata does thick skin have
all 5 layers
47
thick skin has __ glands but no \_\_ or \_\_
sweat glands hair follicles sebaceous glands
48
thick skin does not have
hair follicles sebaceous glands
49
thick skin is from \_\_ to __ mm thick
0. 4 0. 6
50
what layers of epidermal strata does thin skin have
all of them except for stratum lucidum
51
thin skin has (3)
sweat glands hair follicles sebaceous glands
52
thin skin is between \_\_ and __ mm thick
0. 075 0. 150
53
what forms the ridges and pits in fingerprints
dips in the stratum corneum
54
what gives skin a reddish tint
hgb and blood vessels in dermis
55
hgb in skin is more visible with
vasodilation
56
what gives skin a black, brown, tan, or yellow-brown shade
melanin
57
where is melanin produced and stored
melanocytes in the basal layer
58
melanin is transferred from melanocytes to \_\_ of stratum \_\_
keratinocytes basale
59
what 2 factors affect amount of melanin in skin
1. heredity 2. light exposure → UV light stimulates melanin production
60
does the number of melanocytes vary from person to person
no! just the activity of melanocytes
61
why do darker skinned people have darker skin
their melanocytes produce more and darker melanin
62
what are the steps in the mechanism of a suntan
1. exposure of skin to UV light 2. DNA damage to keratinocytes → increase p53 activity 3. p53 stimulates cascade → releases CRH → stimulates POMC (pro opiomelanocortin) 4. POMC broken down into aMSH (melanin stimulating hormone) in the pituitary 5. a-MSH in the blood binds to MC1R receptors on melanocytes → stimulate 2nd messenger cAMP 6. cAMP stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production 7. melanin is packaged in vesicles and exocytosed into interstitial fluid 8. melanin enters keratinocyte 9. melanin migrates to nucleus of keratinocyte → protects DNA from further damage 10. as keratinocytes move toward surface they die and leave a layer of melatonin in dead cells 11. melatonin in the stratum corneum cells provides color of suntan and further UV protection to underlying layers
63
describe epidermal melanin
large opaque molecule
64
how does epidermal melanin protect the skin (3)
1. quenches ROS 2. scatters and blocks UV light → reduces UV penetration into skin 3. converts absorbed energy into heat
65
what is MC1R
melanocyte surface receptor to a MSH
66
what is aMSH
alpha melanin stimulating hormone
67
where is aMSH produced
pituitary gland
68
why are red heads more susceptible to sun burns
loss of fxn of MC1R
69
what are TiO2 and ZnO
micronized inorganic oxides in sunscreen
70
how do TiO2 and ZnO work
absorption and some scattering
71
is vitamin D associated with sun protection
yes
72
what does yellow-orange pigment in skin come from
yellow-orange vegetables
73
where does yellow-orange pigment accumulate
inside subcutaneous fat and keratinocytes of stratum corneum
74
what are harmless overgrowths of melanin forming cells
nevus
75
what are freckles
yellowish or brown spots localized areas of increased melanocyte activity
76
what are friction ridges
fingerprints
77
friction ridges are formed from folds and valleys of the \_\_ and \_\_
dermis epidermis
78
what is the function of friction ridges
help increase friction on contact
79
what are the 2 layers of the dermis
1. papillary layer 2. reticular layer
80
what type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of
areolar CT
81
the papillary layer of the dermis is directly adjacent to the
epidermis
82
what are dermal papillae
projections of the papillary layer of the dermis
83
what is the fxn of dermal papillae
contain capillaries that supply nutrients to the epidermis
84
what are epidermal ridges
projections of the epidermis that interdigitate w. papillae
85
what is the fxn of epidermal ridges
interlock between dermal papillae and epidermal ridges to increase area of contact between the layers
86
the papillary layer of the dermis is the \_\_20%
superficial
87
the reticular layer of the dermis is the __ 80% of the
deep
88
the reticular layer extends from the \_\_ layer to the __ layer
papillary subcutaneous
89
what is the reticular layer of the dermis composed of
dense irregular CT
90
what fibers does the reticular layer of the dermis contain
1. collagen 2. elastin
91
what 3 structures are contained w.in the reticular layer of the dermis
1. hair follicles 2. sweat glands 3. sebaceous glands
92
describe the alignment of collagen and elastin fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis
parallel bundles
93
what is the fxn of collagen and elastin fibers in the reticular layer
resist stress
94
what are lines of cleavage
tension lines in the collagen and elastin fibers of the reticular layer
95
what is the clinical significance of tension lines
incisions should be parallel to the cleavage lines for quicker healing
96
an incision __ to cleavage lines may gape and delay healing
perpendicular
97
an incision __ to cleavage lines heals quicker and does not gape
parallel
98
sensory nerve fibers w.in the dermis detet
pain temp touch vibration
99
motor nerves w.in the dermis control
blood flow gland secretions
100
what are 2 fxns of dermal blood vessels
1. supply nutrients to epidermis and dermis 2. maintain body temp and bp regulation via vasoconstriction/dilation
101
where are small dermal blood vessels located
branch into dermis and dermal papillae
102
where are large dermal blood vessels located
along reticular and subcutaneous border
103
what are 3 other names for the subcutaneous layer of the skin
subcutaneous tissue superficial fascia hypodermis
104
is the subcutaneous layer a part of the integument
no!
105
the subcutaneous layer is composed of (2)
adipose CT → mostly areolar CT → small amt
106
the subcutaneous layer is interwoven with fibers of the
reticular dermis
107
what are 5 fxns of the subcutaneous layer
1. energy storage 2. insulation 3. cushion 4. anchors skin to underlying structure → muscles 5. allows skin to slide freely over structures
108
the subcutaneous layer in women is
thicker primarily in breasts, buttocks, hips, thighs
109
the subcutaneous layer in men is
thinner primarily in neck, upper arms, abdomen, lower back, buttocks
110
what are 6 integumentary structures derived from epidermis
1. nails 2. hair 3. merocrine sweat glands 4. apocrine sweat glands 5. sebaceous glands 6. ceruminous glands
111
what is hair composed of
keratinized cells growing from hair follicles
112
where does hair originiate
dermis
113
the hair papilla is a projection of the \_\_ that is surrounded by the \_\_
dermis hair bulb
114
what is the fxn of the hair papilla
provides hair w. nutrients
115
what is the hair growth center
hair matrix
116
what is the hair matrix composed of
mitotically active keratinocytes
117
the hair matrix produces
new cells that are pushed toward the surface
118
\_\_ in the \_\_ produce hair pigment
melanocytes matrix
119
what is the dead keratinized portion of hair
root
120
the root penetrates the \_\_
dermis *sometimes subcutaneous layer*
121
what is the shaft of hair
the portion of hair beyond the skin surface
122
what is the medulla of hair composed of
loosely arranged cells air space flexible soft keratin
123
what is the cortex of hair
flattened cells closer to outer surface → hard
124
what is the cuticle of a hair follicle
single layer around the cortex
125
list the layers of the shaft of a hair follicle from deep to superficial
medulla cortex cuticle
126
what are the 2 outer layers of the bulb of hair
outer: connective tissue root sheath inner: epithelial tissue root sheath
127
where does the connective tissue root sheath of the hair follicle originate
dermis
128
where does the epithelial tissue root sheath of the hair follicle originate
epidermis
129
what are arrector pili composed of
smooth muscle
130
arrector pili extend from the \_\_ to the \_\_
hair follicle dermal papillae
131
name 5 fxns of hair
1. protection 2. heat retention 3. sensory reception → tactile receptors 4. visual ID 5. dispersal pheromones
132
\_\_ secrete pheromones onto \_\_
sweat glands hairs in axillary and pubic regions
133
what are the 3 exocrine glands of the skin
1. apocrine gland 2. merocrine gland 3. sebaceous gland
134
merocrine glands are also called
sweat glands
135
what is the most numerous and widely distributed endocrine gland of the skin
merocrine glands
136
how do merocrine glands produce secretions
exocytosis
137
sweat is 99% \_\_ and 1% \_\_
water other chemicals
138
what is the 1% other chemicals in sweat
electrolytes metabolites waste products → urea, uric acid, ammonia
139
name 4 fxns of sweat
1. regulation of body temp 2. means for loss of water and electrolytes 3. secretions dilute harmful chemicals 4. secretion have antibacterial activity
140
where are apocrine glands found
axillae around nipples pubic and anal regions
141
apocrine glands discharge secretions into
hair follicles
142
how do apocrine glands produce secretions
exocytosis
143
what do apocrine glands secrete
pheromones → estrogen and progesterone like secretions
144
pheromones begin to be secreted during
puberty
145
what are 2 fxns of sebum
1. lubricant for skin and hair 2. bactericidal properties
146
sebum is discharged into \_\_ from __ glands
hair follicle holocrine
147
what stimulates sebum production
hormones → esp androgens
148
when are sebaceous glands activated
puberty
149
sebaceous gland secretions are secreted by \_\_ rather than directly to skin surface
destruction of whole glandular cells (holocrine gland)
150
what is the fxn of sebum (4)
1. lubrication 2. prevents water loss 3. keeps skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked 4. inhibits bacterial growth
151
ceruminous glands are modified
apocrine sweat glands
152
where are ceruminous glands located
only in external acoustic meatus
153
what are 2 fxns of cerumen
trap foreign material lubricate acoustic meatus and eardrum
154
mammary glands are modified
apocrine glands
155
what are 7 fxns of the epidermis
1. protection 2. prevention of water loss 3. production of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) 4. secretion 5. absorption 6. immune fxn 7. sensory reception
156
is the epidermis water proof
no just water resistant
157
what is transpiration
some interstitial fluid penetrates thru epidermis to air
158
UV light stimulates a __ in \_\_ of the \_\_, which is converted to vitamin D3
steroid keratinocytes epidermis
159
from the keratinocytes, D3 is transported to the __ where it is converted to \_\_
liver active vitamin D
160
what does active vitamin D do in the intestine
stimulates absorption of Ca and P
161
\_\_ cells in the stratum \_\_ initiate an immune response against pathogens and attack cancer cells
dendritic spinosum *spiny layer → dendritic cells*
162
what are 2 fxns that the dermis shares with the epidermis
secretion absorption immune fxn
163
what are 3 fxns of the dermis
1. temp regulation 2. sensory reception 3. secretion/absorption
164
which layer of the skin controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction
dermis

Pathophys II - Exam 1 (4 decks)

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