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Pathophys II - Exam 1 > Mace - Integumentary > Flashcards

Mace - Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 components of the integumentary system

A
  1. skin
  2. derivatives of skin
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2
Q

skin is also called (2)

A

cutaneous membrane

integument

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3
Q

skin is composed of (2)

A
  1. epidermis → epithelium
  2. dermis
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4
Q

the dermis is composed of

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

what are the 5 derivatives of skin

A
  1. hairs
  2. sweat glands
  3. sebaceous glands
  4. ceruminous glands
  5. nails
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6
Q

what 2 types of tissue is the hypodermis composed of

A
  1. adipose CT
  2. areolar CT
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7
Q

is the hypodermis a part of the skin

A

no!

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8
Q

what is the epidermis composed of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

what is the primary cell in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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10
Q

list the layers of the epidermis (deep to superficial)

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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11
Q

which layers of the epidermis are living keratinocytes

A

basale

spinosum

granulosum

→ 1st 3

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12
Q

which layers of the epidermis are dead keratinocytes

A

lucidum

corneum

→ 2 most superficial

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13
Q

the stratum basale is the __ layer of the epidermis

A

deepest

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14
Q

what is the stratum basale is a __ layer of

___ to

___ cells

A

single

cuboidal

low columnar

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15
Q

what is the stratum basale attached to

A

the underlying basement membrane that separates the epidermis from the dermis

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16
Q

which layers of the epidermis contains the sensory nerve endings for sensing pain and temp

A

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

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17
Q

what 3 cell types are in the stratum basale

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. tactile cells
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18
Q

what is the fxn of keartinocytes

A

divide to regenerate new cells → replace old cells that shed at the surface

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19
Q

what is the fxn of melanocytes (4)

A
  1. produce and store melanin in response to UV light
  2. transfer pigment granules into keratinocytes
  3. accumulate around nucleus of keratinocytes to shield nuclear DNA from UV radiation
  4. create darker tones of skin
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20
Q

tactile cells are also called

A

Merkel cells

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21
Q

what are merkel cells

A

modified nerve endings

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22
Q

what is the fxn of tactile (merkel) cells

A

sensitive to touch → when compressed → release chemicals to stimulate nerve endings

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23
Q

the stratum spinosium is also called

A

the spiny layer

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24
Q

stratum spinosium is composed of several layers of

A

polygonal keratinocytes

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25
Q

where do the cells in the stratum spinosum come from

A

pushed up from the stratum basale

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26
Q

cells that are pushed from the stratum basale into the stratum spinosum become

A

specialized non-dividing keartinocytes

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27
Q

are all of the cells in the stratum spinosum non-dividing

A

no - some in the deepest layer are still dividing

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28
Q

the stratum spinosum contains snesory nerve endings for pain and temp and also

A

epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)

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29
Q

what is the fxn of Langerhans cells (epidermal dendritic cells)

A

immune cells that help initiate immune response

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30
Q

what do Langerhans cells respond to

A

pathogens and epidermal cancer cells

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31
Q

the stratum granulosum is composed of

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes

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32
Q

what happens in the stratum ganulosum

A

the first layer of keratinization

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33
Q

what happens in the first layer of keratinization

A
  1. keratinocytes fill with keratin → causes nucleus and organelles to disintegrate
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34
Q

fully keratinized cells dead but

A

structurally sound → maintain shape

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35
Q

the process of keratinization is not complete until

A

the cells work their way to ore superficial layers

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36
Q

stratum lucidum is made of

A

2-3 layers of keratinocytes

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37
Q

where is stratum lucidum found

A

only on thick skin → palms and soles

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38
Q

why does the stratum lucidum appear translucent

A

the keratinocytes fill with a translucent protein called eleiden

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39
Q

what is eleiden

A

intermediate product in keratin maturation

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40
Q

stratum corneum is also called

A

hornlike layer

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41
Q

what is the stratum corneum made of

A

several layers of dead, interlocking keratinized keratinocytes

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42
Q

the keratinized keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are (3)

A
  1. anucleate
  2. tightly packed
  3. plasma membrane enclosing keratin protein
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43
Q

how long does the migration of keratinocytes to the stratum corneum take

A

2 weeks

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44
Q

how long do the keratinocytes remain in the stratum corneum before shedding

A

2 weeks

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45
Q

what are 2 antimicrobial characteristics of the epidermis

A
  1. surface unsuitable for growth of many microorganisms
  2. secretion of exocrine glands help prevent growth
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46
Q

what layers of epidermal strata does thick skin have

A

all 5 layers

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47
Q

thick skin has __ glands

but no __

or __

A

sweat glands

hair follicles

sebaceous glands

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48
Q

thick skin does not have

A

hair follicles

sebaceous glands

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49
Q

thick skin is from __

to __ mm thick

A
  1. 4
  2. 6
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50
Q

what layers of epidermal strata does thin skin have

A

all of them except for stratum lucidum

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51
Q

thin skin has (3)

A

sweat glands

hair follicles

sebaceous glands

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52
Q

thin skin is between __

and __ mm thick

A
  1. 075
  2. 150
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53
Q

what forms the ridges and pits in fingerprints

A

dips in the stratum corneum

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54
Q

what gives skin a reddish tint

A

hgb and blood vessels in dermis

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55
Q

hgb in skin is more visible with

A

vasodilation

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56
Q

what gives skin a black, brown, tan, or yellow-brown shade

A

melanin

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57
Q

where is melanin produced and stored

A

melanocytes in the basal layer

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58
Q

melanin is transferred from melanocytes to __

of stratum __

A

keratinocytes

basale

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59
Q

what 2 factors affect amount of melanin in skin

A
  1. heredity
  2. light exposure → UV light stimulates melanin production
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60
Q

does the number of melanocytes vary from person to person

A

no! just the activity of melanocytes

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61
Q

why do darker skinned people have darker skin

A

their melanocytes produce more and darker melanin

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62
Q

what are the steps in the mechanism of a suntan

A
  1. exposure of skin to UV light
  2. DNA damage to keratinocytes → increase p53 activity
  3. p53 stimulates cascade → releases CRH → stimulates POMC (pro opiomelanocortin)
  4. POMC broken down into aMSH (melanin stimulating hormone) in the pituitary
  5. a-MSH in the blood binds to MC1R receptors on melanocytes → stimulate 2nd messenger cAMP
  6. cAMP stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production
  7. melanin is packaged in vesicles and exocytosed into interstitial fluid
  8. melanin enters keratinocyte
  9. melanin migrates to nucleus of keratinocyte → protects DNA from further damage
  10. as keratinocytes move toward surface they die and leave a layer of melatonin in dead cells
  11. melatonin in the stratum corneum cells provides color of suntan and further UV protection to underlying layers
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63
Q

describe epidermal melanin

A

large opaque molecule

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64
Q

how does epidermal melanin protect the skin (3)

A
  1. quenches ROS
  2. scatters and blocks UV light → reduces UV penetration into skin
  3. converts absorbed energy into heat
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65
Q

what is MC1R

A

melanocyte surface receptor to a MSH

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66
Q

what is aMSH

A

alpha melanin stimulating hormone

67
Q

where is aMSH produced

A

pituitary gland

68
Q

why are red heads more susceptible to sun burns

A

loss of fxn of MC1R

69
Q

what are TiO2 and ZnO

A

micronized inorganic oxides in sunscreen

70
Q

how do TiO2 and ZnO work

A

absorption and some scattering

71
Q

is vitamin D associated with sun protection

A

yes

72
Q

what does yellow-orange pigment in skin come from

A

yellow-orange vegetables

73
Q

where does yellow-orange pigment accumulate

A

inside subcutaneous fat and keratinocytes of stratum corneum

74
Q

what are harmless overgrowths of melanin forming cells

A

nevus

75
Q

what are freckles

A

yellowish or brown spots

localized areas of increased melanocyte activity

76
Q

what are friction ridges

A

fingerprints

77
Q

friction ridges are formed from folds and valleys of the __

and __

A

dermis

epidermis

78
Q

what is the function of friction ridges

A

help increase friction on contact

79
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

A
  1. papillary layer
  2. reticular layer
80
Q

what type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of

A

areolar CT

81
Q

the papillary layer of the dermis is directly adjacent to the

A

epidermis

82
Q

what are dermal papillae

A

projections of the papillary layer of the dermis

83
Q

what is the fxn of dermal papillae

A

contain capillaries that supply nutrients to the epidermis

84
Q

what are epidermal ridges

A

projections of the epidermis that interdigitate w. papillae

85
Q

what is the fxn of epidermal ridges

A

interlock between dermal papillae and epidermal ridges to increase area of contact between the layers

86
Q

the papillary layer of the dermis is the __20%

A

superficial

87
Q

the reticular layer of the dermis is the __ 80% of the

A

deep

88
Q

the reticular layer extends from the __

layer to the __ layer

A

papillary

subcutaneous

89
Q

what is the reticular layer of the dermis composed of

A

dense irregular CT

90
Q

what fibers does the reticular layer of the dermis contain

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastin
91
Q

what 3 structures are contained w.in the reticular layer of the dermis

A
  1. hair follicles
  2. sweat glands
  3. sebaceous glands
92
Q

describe the alignment of collagen and elastin fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis

A

parallel bundles

93
Q

what is the fxn of collagen and elastin fibers in the reticular layer

A

resist stress

94
Q

what are lines of cleavage

A

tension lines in the collagen and elastin fibers of the reticular layer

95
Q

what is the clinical significance of tension lines

A

incisions should be parallel to the cleavage lines for quicker healing

96
Q

an incision __ to cleavage lines may gape and delay healing

A

perpendicular

97
Q

an incision __ to cleavage lines heals quicker and does not gape

A

parallel

98
Q

sensory nerve fibers w.in the dermis detet

A

pain

temp

touch

vibration

99
Q

motor nerves w.in the dermis control

A

blood flow

gland secretions

100
Q

what are 2 fxns of dermal blood vessels

A
  1. supply nutrients to epidermis and dermis
  2. maintain body temp and bp regulation via vasoconstriction/dilation
101
Q

where are small dermal blood vessels located

A

branch into dermis and dermal papillae

102
Q

where are large dermal blood vessels located

A

along reticular and subcutaneous border

103
Q

what are 3 other names for the subcutaneous layer of the skin

A

subcutaneous tissue

superficial fascia

hypodermis

104
Q

is the subcutaneous layer a part of the integument

A

no!

105
Q

the subcutaneous layer is composed of (2)

A

adipose CT → mostly

areolar CT → small amt

106
Q

the subcutaneous layer is interwoven with fibers of the

A

reticular dermis

107
Q

what are 5 fxns of the subcutaneous layer

A
  1. energy storage
  2. insulation
  3. cushion
  4. anchors skin to underlying structure → muscles
  5. allows skin to slide freely over structures
108
Q

the subcutaneous layer in women is

A

thicker

primarily in breasts, buttocks, hips, thighs

109
Q

the subcutaneous layer in men is

A

thinner

primarily in neck, upper arms, abdomen, lower back, buttocks

110
Q

what are 6 integumentary structures derived from epidermis

A
  1. nails
  2. hair
  3. merocrine sweat glands
  4. apocrine sweat glands
  5. sebaceous glands
  6. ceruminous glands
111
Q

what is hair composed of

A

keratinized cells growing from hair follicles

112
Q

where does hair originiate

A

dermis

113
Q

the hair papilla is a projection of the __

that is surrounded by the __

A

dermis

hair bulb

114
Q

what is the fxn of the hair papilla

A

provides hair w. nutrients

115
Q

what is the hair growth center

A

hair matrix

116
Q

what is the hair matrix composed of

A

mitotically active keratinocytes

117
Q

the hair matrix produces

A

new cells that are pushed toward the surface

118
Q

__ in the

__ produce hair pigment

A

melanocytes

matrix

119
Q

what is the dead keratinized portion of hair

A

root

120
Q

the root penetrates the __

A

dermis

sometimes subcutaneous layer

121
Q

what is the shaft of hair

A

the portion of hair beyond the skin surface

122
Q

what is the medulla of hair composed of

A

loosely arranged cells

air space

flexible soft keratin

123
Q

what is the cortex of hair

A

flattened cells closer to outer surface → hard

124
Q

what is the cuticle of a hair follicle

A

single layer around the cortex

125
Q

list the layers of the shaft of a hair follicle from deep to superficial

A

medulla

cortex

cuticle

126
Q

what are the 2 outer layers of the bulb of hair

A

outer: connective tissue root sheath
inner: epithelial tissue root sheath

127
Q

where does the connective tissue root sheath of the hair follicle originate

A

dermis

128
Q

where does the epithelial tissue root sheath of the hair follicle originate

A

epidermis

129
Q

what are arrector pili composed of

A

smooth muscle

130
Q

arrector pili extend from the __

to the __

A

hair follicle

dermal papillae

131
Q

name 5 fxns of hair

A
  1. protection
  2. heat retention
  3. sensory reception → tactile receptors
  4. visual ID
  5. dispersal pheromones
132
Q

__ secrete pheromones

onto __

A

sweat glands

hairs in axillary and pubic regions

133
Q

what are the 3 exocrine glands of the skin

A
  1. apocrine gland
  2. merocrine gland
  3. sebaceous gland
134
Q

merocrine glands are also called

A

sweat glands

135
Q

what is the most numerous and widely distributed endocrine gland of the skin

A

merocrine glands

136
Q

how do merocrine glands produce secretions

A

exocytosis

137
Q

sweat is 99% __

and 1% __

A

water

other chemicals

138
Q

what is the 1% other chemicals in sweat

A

electrolytes

metabolites

waste products → urea, uric acid, ammonia

139
Q

name 4 fxns of sweat

A
  1. regulation of body temp
  2. means for loss of water and electrolytes
  3. secretions dilute harmful chemicals
  4. secretion have antibacterial activity
140
Q

where are apocrine glands found

A

axillae

around nipples

pubic and anal regions

141
Q

apocrine glands discharge secretions into

A

hair follicles

142
Q

how do apocrine glands produce secretions

A

exocytosis

143
Q

what do apocrine glands secrete

A

pheromones → estrogen and progesterone like secretions

144
Q

pheromones begin to be secreted during

A

puberty

145
Q

what are 2 fxns of sebum

A
  1. lubricant for skin and hair
  2. bactericidal properties
146
Q

sebum is discharged into __

from __ glands

A

hair follicle

holocrine

147
Q

what stimulates sebum production

A

hormones → esp androgens

148
Q

when are sebaceous glands activated

A

puberty

149
Q

sebaceous gland secretions are secreted by __

rather than directly to skin surface

A

destruction of whole glandular cells (holocrine gland)

150
Q

what is the fxn of sebum (4)

A
  1. lubrication
  2. prevents water loss
  3. keeps skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked
  4. inhibits bacterial growth
151
Q

ceruminous glands are modified

A

apocrine sweat glands

152
Q

where are ceruminous glands located

A

only in external acoustic meatus

153
Q

what are 2 fxns of cerumen

A

trap foreign material

lubricate acoustic meatus and eardrum

154
Q

mammary glands are modified

A

apocrine glands

155
Q

what are 7 fxns of the epidermis

A
  1. protection
  2. prevention of water loss
  3. production of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
  4. secretion
  5. absorption
  6. immune fxn
  7. sensory reception
156
Q

is the epidermis water proof

A

no just water resistant

157
Q

what is transpiration

A

some interstitial fluid penetrates thru epidermis to air

158
Q

UV light stimulates a __ in

__ of the

__, which is converted to vitamin D3

A

steroid

keratinocytes

epidermis

159
Q

from the keratinocytes, D3 is transported to the __ where it is converted to

__

A

liver

active vitamin D

160
Q

what does active vitamin D do in the intestine

A

stimulates absorption of Ca and P

161
Q

__ cells in the stratum

__ initiate an immune response against pathogens and attack cancer cells

A

dendritic

spinosum

spiny layer → dendritic cells

162
Q

what are 2 fxns that the dermis shares with the epidermis

A

secretion

absorption

immune fxn

163
Q

what are 3 fxns of the dermis

A
  1. temp regulation
  2. sensory reception
  3. secretion/absorption
164
Q

which layer of the skin controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction

A

dermis

Pathophys II - Exam 1 (4 decks)

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