Mace - Blood Flashcards
1
Q
list 5 functions of blood
A
- transport of nutrients
- regulation of pH and ions
- stabilizes body temp
- prevents fluid loss at sites of injury
- defends against toxins and microorganisms
2
Q
what are the 4 components of blood
A
- plasma
- formed elements
- volume
- color
3
Q
what % of plasma is water
A
92-95% depending on which slide of Mace’s ppt you are looking at
4
Q
serum is plasma without
A
fibrinogen
5
Q
what are the 2 components of the buffy coat
A
WBC
platelets
6
Q
what lab value represents RBC per total volume of blood
A
hematocrit
7
Q
plasma represents __% of whole blood
A
55%
8
Q
cells and cell fragments suspended in the blood are called
A
formed elements
9
Q
which component of blood contains the most WBC’s and platelets
A
buffy coat
10
Q
erythrocytes represent __% of whole blood
A
45%
11
Q
the color of blood is due to
A
hemoglobin
12
Q
name the 3 components of formed elements
A
erythrocytes
neutrophils
platelets
13
Q
what are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins
A
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen
14
Q
which plasma protein is the most abundant
A
albumin
15
Q
which plasma protein is the smallest
A
albumin
16
Q
name the 3 subcategories of globulins
A
- alpha
- beta
- gamma
17
Q
which globulin is the smallest
A
alpha
18
Q
which globulin is involved in the transport and complement system
A
beta -> assist w. immunity and transport things
19
Q
which globulin is the largest
A
gamma
20
Q
which gamma protein are antibodies (Ig)
A
gamma globulin
21
Q
which plasma protein is the second most abundant
A
gamma globulins
22
Q
which plasma protein is soluble
A
fibrinogen
23
Q
all of the plasma proteins are made in the liver, except for
A
gamma globulins
24
Q
where are gamma globulins produced
A
plasma cells
25
what are the 3 nitrogenous waste compounds
urea
uric acid
creatinine
26
name 2 nutrients that are transported in the blood
glucose
amino acids
27
\_\_\_ is not found in the plasma
a. glycogen
b. fibrinogen
c. glucose
d. urea
e. albumin
glycogen
28
B cell are produced in the \_\_
and mature in the \_\_
produced: bone marrow
mature: bone marrow
29
T cells are produced in the \_\_
and mature in the \_\_
produced: bone marrow
mature: thymus
30
T/F adults have more bone marrow than children
F → kids are active and growing so they need more marrow to make more blood
31
myeloid stem cells give rise to what 4 types of blasts
1. erythroblasts
2. megakaryoblasts
3. myeloblasts
4. monoblasts
32
erythroblasts give rise to
reticulocytes → erythroblasts
33
megakaryoblasts ultimately give rise to
platelets
34
myeloblasts give rise to
granular leukocytes →
basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils
35
lymphatic stem cells become lymphoblasts, which become
agranular leukocytes →
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
36
what are the 3 agranular leukocytes
1. monocytes
2. B lymphocytes
3. T lymphocytes
37
what are the 6 types of WBC
1. basophils
2. eosinophils
3. neutrophils
4. monocytes
5. B lymphocytes
6. T lymphocytes
38
describe the structure of a erythrocyte
biconcave disk
39
what protein maintains the shape of the erythrocyte
spectrin
40
where is spectrin found
cytoskeleton of the erythrocyte
41
what organelles do erythrocytes have
none!
*more room for O2*
42
erythrocytes are produced in the \_\_\_
and destroyed in the \_\_
red bone marrow
spleen
43
in terms of function, what is the purpose of the shape of the erythrocyte
allows them to stack in Rouleau formation to maximize surface area
44
erythropoietin is a ___ that
is triggered by \_\_\_
hormone
hypoxia
45
erythropoietin is inhibited by
high O2 content
46
what is an environmental factor that would stimulate erythropoiesis
high altitude
47
name the 3 hemoglobin derivatives we need to know
1. oxyhemoglobin
2. deoxyhemoglobin
3. carbaminohemoglobin
48
what is oxyhemoglobin
oxygen carrying form of hemoglobin, in which O2 is bound to Fe
49
what is deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin that has released its O2 to tissues
No O2 bound to Fe
50
what is the function of carbaminohemoglobin
form of hemoglobin that unloads CO2 into the lung
CO2 attached to globin
51
the hemoglobin molecule consists of __ globin chains
4
52
the heme of hemoglobin is a __ shaped molecule
with __ in the center
ringed
iron
53
what is cooperative binding of hemoglobin
when an O2 atom binds to one binding site of hgb, the affinity for O2 of the other 3 binding sites increases
54
low O2 in the blood is defined as
hypoxemia
55
low O2 in the tissues is defined as
hypoxia
56
a tourniquet placed around the appendages is an example of
hypoxia
hypoxia → blood O2 in the blood is not decreased, just availability of O2 to the tissues
57
According to Mace, why can erythrocytes transport O2
a, because cells of the body need O2 for metabolism
b. because RBCs contain hgb, which have heme units that bind O2
c. bc the heart creates a pressure gradient that forces blood and RBCs thru the cardiovascular system
d. B &C
e. all of the above
b. because RBCs contain hgb which have heme units that bind to O2
58
cell fragments are broken up by the \_\_\_
and phagocytized in the \_\_\_
broken up in the **liver**
phagocytized in the **spleen**
59
hemeoglobin is broken down into heme and globin - heme is then broken into (2)
biliverdin
iron
60
after hemoglobin is broken down, how is the globin portion further broken down
hydrolyzed into free amino acids
61
biiverdin is further broken down into \_\_,
which becomes \_\_,
which becomes \_\_\_
heme -\> biliverdin -\> bilirubin -\> bile
62
in the feces, urobilinogen becomes
stercobilin
63
in the urine urobilinogen becomes
urobilin
64
hypoxemia is sensed by the __ and
\_\_\_, which causes the secretion of
\_\_, which causes stimulation of red bone marrow
to accelerate \_\_.
liver and kidneys
erythropoietin
erythropoiesis
65
if all 280 million molecules of hemoglobin inside RBCs were free in the plasma
a. it would cause a considerable increase in the blood O1 carrying capacity
b. it would facilitate delivery of O2 into tissues irrigated by small capillaries
c. it would facilitate O2 diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries
d. it would significantly increase blood osmolarity
d. it would significantly increase blood osmolarity
66
blood osmolarity measures
the concentration of dissolved particles (osmolality) in the blood
67
the constant region of the antibody is the
heavy chain (stem)
68
which part of the antibody is the variable region
arm (light chain)
69
the stem of the antibody is also called the heavy chain or the
Fc region
70
what type of bond connects the heavy and light chains of the antibody
disulfide bond
71
the antigen bonding site of the antibody is located in the
arm region
72
type A blood type erythrocytes have __ surface antigens
and __ antibodies
A
anti-B
73
blood type B erythrocytes have __ surface antigens
and __ antibodies
B surface antigens
anti-a antibodies
74
blood type AB erythrocytes have ___ surface antigens
and __ antibodies
AB surface antigens
no
75
blood type O erythrocytes have ___ surface antigens
and ___ antibodies
no surface antigens
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
76
the surface antigen of erythrocytes are ___ of plasma antibodies
opposite
77
type A blood can safely donate RBCs to \_\_
and can receive RBCs of type \_\_
a. O; AB
b. AB; O
c. A; B
d. B; A
e. O;O
b. AB; O
78
Rh positive blood types have surface antigen \_\_
and produce __ antibodies
D
no D
79
Rh negative blood types have __ surface antigen
and do not produce \_\_\_
unless exposed to \_\_
no
anti-D antibodies
Rh positive blood
80
what are 4 common properties of all WBC
1. short time in blood
2. migration
3. diapedesis
4. chemotaxis
81
what is diapedesis
the passage of blood cells thru the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation
82
which agranuloycte is involved in phagocytosis
monocytes
83
describe the nucleus of agranulocytes
single, large (not lobed)
84
describe the nucleus of granulocytes
usually multi-lobed into segments
85
granules in granulocytes are located in the \_\_\_
and function as \_\_\_
cytoplasm
secretory vesicle
86
leukopoiesis produces __ stem cells called
\_\_\_ and \_\_\_
2
myeloid, lymphoid
87
which type of WBC is the first to arrive on the scene
granulocytes
88
which granulocyte is the first to arrive at the scene
neutrophils
89
what is an oxidative burst
when neutrophils release reactive oxygen species (ROS) to degrade internal pathogens
90
which 2 granulocytes function as phagocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
91
which WBC destroys parasitic worms
eosinophils
92
which granulocyte is associated with inflammatory responses
basophils
93
basophils contain \_\_, which thins the blood,
and __ which causes blood to leak into interstitial fluid
heparin
histamine
94
B cells differentiate into \_\_,
which produce \_\_
plasma cells
antibodies
95
what are the two divisions of T cells
T-killer
T-helper
96
what is the fxn of T helper cells
help B cells
97
what is the fxn of T killer cells
kill directly
98
which type of lymphocyte triggers apoptosis in foreign invaders
natural killer
*non specific immune cells*
99
which granulocyte is involved in phagocytosis of allergen related ag-ab complexes
eosinophils
100
how long do neutrophils last in the blood
10-12 hr
101
how long do eosinophils last in the blood
10 hours
102
how long do basophils last in the blood
unknown
103
what is the 2nd most numerous granuloycte
eosinophils
104
which agranulocyte is considered an APC (antigen presenting cell)
monocytes
105
monocytes have __ % distribution in the blood
3-8%
106
monocytes are in circulation for __ days
and die __ hours after activation
3 days
24 hours
107
which type of agranulocyte is housed long term in other organs
monocytes
108
lymphocytes have \_\_% distribution in the blood
25-33%
109
in terms of action, lymphocytes can be divided into __ immunity
and __ immunity
innate
adaptive
110
which agranulocyte is involved in innate immunity
NK cells
111
NK cells kill via __ and
live for __ days in the blood
apoptosis
10
112
which two lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity
B cells
T cells
113
adaptive immunity is divided into __ immunity
and __ immunity
humoral
cellular
114
\_\_ cells are involved in humoral immunity
and are associated with \_\_
B cells
antibodies
115
\_\_ cells are involved in cellular immunity
and some kill via \_\_
T
apoptosis
116
T and B cells leave the blood via the
lymph system
117
how long can B and T cells live
some stay alive for months to decades
118
which type of immunity has a memory
adaptive
119
structurally platelets are \_\_\_
that contain \_\_\_
cell fragments
granules
120
early on, platelets secrete what 3 substances
1. serotonin
2. thromboxane
3. ADP
121
later on, platelets secrete what 2 substances
1. procoagulants
2. platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
122
\_\_\_ is produced in the
\_\_\_, which stimulates thrombopoiesis
thrombopoietin (TPO)
kidney
123
what is the circulating number of platelets
350-500k
124
thrombocytes circulate for __ days
and are then \_\_\_
10
phagocytized
125
how do most platelet inhibitors like Plavix work
they block receptors on the platelet to prevent them from activating
126
what are the 3 phases of hemostasis
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation phase
127
which stage of hemostasis is characterized by the blood vessel constriction to limit blood escape
vascular spasm
128
which stage of hemostasis is characterized by platelets arriving at the site of injury to stick to exposed collagen fibers
platelet plug formation
129
which stage of hemostasis involves a cascade that converts inactive proteins to active forms and forms a blood clot
coagulation phase
130
the coagulation phase is divided into what 2 pathways
intrinsic
extrinsic
131
both coagulation pathways activate factor \_\_,
but they differ in \_\_
X
speed of activation
132
what type of damage activates the intrinsic coagulation pathway
damage to the inside of the vessel
133
what type of damage activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway
damage to the outside of the vessel
134
in the intrinsic coagulation pathway, platelets activate factor \_\_,
which starts a cascade effect, activating factors __ (3)
XII
XI, IX, VIII
135
in the extrinsic coagulation pathway, damaged perivascular tissue activates
\_\_\_
thromboplastin (factor III)
*factor VII is also involved in the extrinsic pathway*
136
what two clotting factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway
III
VII
137
what activates fibrinolysis to convert fibrinogen into fibrin
thrombin
138
do anticoagulants dissolve clots?
no!
they prevent them from forming
139
common clotting pathway
140
LMWH (low molecular weight heparin) inhibits what clotting factor
Xa
141
what are 2 examples of LMWH
Lovenox
Fragmin
142
injectable LMWH increases the rate of the thrombin-antithrombin rxn by how much
1,000x
143
what are 3 examples of oral anticoagulants
warfarin
dabigatran
rivaroxaban
144
which clotting factors does vitamin K produce
II
VII
IX
X
145
how does warfarin (coumadin) work
it blocks vitamin K from producing clotting factors
146
how does dabigatran work
it inhibits activation of clotting factors
147
how does rivaroxaban work
it inhibits activated clotting factors directly
148
sympathetic response is activated if there is \>\_\_% blood loss
10
149
the sympathetic response to blood loss indues
systemic vasoconstriction
150
what are the two mechanisms of systemic vasoconstriction activated by the sympathetic response to blood loss
increased bp
increased hr
151
increased heart rate preserves
perfusion (blood function)
152
what are the 2 steps in clot elimination
1. clot retraction
2. fibrinolysis
153
clot retraction begins ~\_\_hour after the clot has been formed
1
154
during clot retraction, what is the job of platelets with pseudopods
they pull the two ends of the wound together
155
fibrinolysis begins ~ __ days after injury
2
156
In the fibrinolysis cascade:
\_\_\_ activates
\_\_\_, which leads to activation of
\_\_\_, which is activated into plasmin
thrombin
Kallikrein
plasminogen
157
in fibrinolysis, what is the function of plasmin
it is a protease that destroys the fibrin polymer that stabilizes the clot
158
in finbrinolysis, how is plasmin activated
t-PA (tissue plasminogen factor)
159
platelets do not secrete
a. procoagulants
b. thrombopoietin
c. growth factors
d. vasoconstriction
e. chemicals that attract neutrophils
d. vasoconstriction
