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M8 R > M8.3 > Flashcards

M8.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four forces acting on an aircraft?

A
  • lift
  • weight
  • thrust
  • drag
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2
Q

What direction does weight always act?

A

Towards the centre of the earth

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3
Q

In theory where does lift, thrust, weight, drag act?

A

The aircraft centre of gravity

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4
Q

What needs to happen for the aircraft to have an equilibrium?

A

Lift and weight must equal 0 and thrust and drag must equal 0

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5
Q

What must the clockwise rotation equal to have an equilibrium?

A

The anti-clockwise rotation

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6
Q

What is a moment caused by?

A

Forces on a lever that do not act through the point of rotation

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7
Q

What is the value of a moment equal to?

A

Force multiplied by the moment arm

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8
Q

What is a moment arm?

A

It’s the shortest distance between the point of rotation and line of action of the force

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9
Q

In reality for steady flight where must the centre of lift be?

A

Just behind the centre of gravity

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10
Q

What is the distance between the centre of gravity and centre of lift known as?

A

A moment

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11
Q

What is the definition of the glide ratio?

A

The distance forwards to the distance downwards

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12
Q

What affects the glide ratio?

A

All four fundamental forces

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13
Q

What is the equation for glide ratio?

A

Change in sink speed
—————————-
Change in distance

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14
Q

What does weight mean to the glide ratio?

A

The effect of weight varies the time the aircraft will glide for

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15
Q

If there are two aircraft wanting to glide with the same characteristics apart from weight, what would happen?

A

They would cover the same distance but the heavier one would do it first

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16
Q

What acts vertically and opposite to weight when an aircraft banks?

A

Vertical component of lift

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17
Q

What acts horizontally to the centre of the turn when an aircraft banks?

A

Horizontal component of lift

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18
Q

What is the horizontal component of lift also known as?

A

Centripetal force

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19
Q

What pulls the aircraft from a straight flight path to make the turn?

A

The horizontal component of lift

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20
Q

What is centrifugal force?

A

The equal and opposite reaction

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21
Q

What must happen for an aircraft to turn?

A

It must bank

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22
Q

How do you stop loosing altitude when making a banked turn?

A

Increase the angle of attack until lift equals weight

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23
Q

What is the load factor?

A

The proportion between total lift and total weight

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24
Q

What is the load factor also called?

A

G-Load

25
Q

What is the equation for load factor?

A

N=L/W

26
Q

What do you use to calculate bank angle?

A

Trigonometric ratio

27
Q

Where does load factor act on the aircraft?

A

The wings

28
Q

What limits the maximum load factor of an aircraft?

A

Structural strength and passenger comfort

29
Q

What is the definition of a stall?

A

The aerodynamic loss of lift that occurs when an aero foil exceeds critical angle of attack

30
Q

What increases when the aircraft bank gets steeper?

A

The centrifugal force

31
Q

What are the characteristics of a stall?

A
  • pitch down

- roll or yaw to one side

32
Q

What will happen if recovery procedures aren’t initiated after a roll or yaw stall?

A

The aircraft will go into a spin

33
Q

When do stalls commonly occur?

A

At slow airspeeds

34
Q

When are stalls most likely?

A

During approach or departure

35
Q

What information is used in a V-n diagram?

A

Load factor and equivalent airspeed

36
Q

What factors are each flight envelope dependant on?

A
  • aircraft gross weight
  • configuration of aircraft
  • applicable altitude
37
Q

What happens when an aircraft goes past its limit airspeed?

A
  • destructive flutter
  • aileron reversal
  • wing divergence
38
Q

What will a large amount of airframe flexing lead to?

A

A bent airframe or component failure

39
Q

What are structural limits?

A

The allowed positive or negative amount of G’s

40
Q

Why are structural limits in place?

A

To ensure flexing wont damage the airframe or shorten design life

41
Q

What are structural limits also referred to as?

A

Acceleration limits or limit load factors

42
Q

What are aeroelastic limits?

A

The maximum operating speeds of the aircraft

43
Q

How are the aeroelastic limits indicated?

A

By knots and mach number

44
Q

What is aeroelastic limits frequently referred to?

A

The redline airspeed

45
Q

What is the ultimate structural limit?

A

The point at which damage and failure of components is guaranteed

46
Q

Where about does the ultimate structural limits sit within the operating envelope?

A

Outside

47
Q

What is the usual aircraft design rule for the ultimate structural limit?

A

To be 150% of the structural limit

48
Q

Why is airspeed of an aircraft at take-off and landing much less than that at level flight?

A

For safety reasons

49
Q

As speed is reduced at take-off and landing what needs to happen?

A

Increase in angle of attack therefore the lift coefficient

50
Q

What are the principle lift augmentation devices?

A
  • flaps
  • slats
  • slots
51
Q

What are the different types of flap?

A
  • plain
  • split
  • slotted
  • fowler
52
Q

What are flaps?

A

Moveable sections of the trailing edge to increase camber of the wing

53
Q

What happens when flaps are deployed?

A

The increase in camber accelerates airflow on the upper surface to increase lift

54
Q

What is the secondary effect of a flap?

A

To re-energise the boundary layer

55
Q

What can happen on the plain flap?

A

Airflow breakaway from the wing surface

56
Q

What the difference between the plain and split flap?

A

The split flap is less likely to have airflow break away

57
Q

How is a slot formed with a slotted flap?

A

When the flap lowers a slot is crated

58
Q

How does a fowler flap work?

A

It moves rearwards and downward which increase wing area and camber

59
Q

What percentage does the maximum lift coefficient increase by when a fowler flap is used?

A

90%

M8 R (5 decks)

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