M8 - Parasitology Flashcards by Yu-An Chen

Protozoa

原生動物

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Apicomplexan

頂複門

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Flagellates

鞭毛蟲

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Amoebae

變形蟲

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Ciliates

纖毛蟲

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Defining characteristics of Protozoa

Eukaryotes ＆unicellular

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4 main sites of infection for Protozoa

Gastro-intestinal
Vascular
Tissue & organs

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5 main routes of transmission for Protozoa

Faecal-oral
Vector-borne
Predator - prey
Aerosol氣溶膠
Sexual

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Aerosol

氣溶膠

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Phylum

門

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Malaria

瘧疾

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Recrudescent

復發性（短時間再次出現症狀或加劇）

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Relapsing

復發（康復後容易再次復發）

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2 main type of plasmodium species

Recrudescent ＆ relapsing

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Schizonts

裂殖體：Plasmodium透過sporozoites孢子子進入宿主體內，然後sporozoites會發育分化成schizonts

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gamonts

在感染者的血液中，一些 Plasmodium 寄生虫会发展成雄性和雌性 gamonts（配子体）

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Sporozoites

孢子子，是入侵宿主的型態

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ookinetes

ookinetes（卵块）在蚊子體內发育成 oocysts（卵囊），卵囊内的 sporozoites（孢子子）進入蚊子的唾液腺中以入侵宿主

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Babesia species

A kind of Protozoa

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Transmission of babes species

Tick-borne碑蟲傳播

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2 main features for babes species

Trans-stadial transmission (跨越虫体生命周期传播)

Trans-ovarian transmission (跨越卵子传播)

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trans-stadial (larva - nymph - adult)

寄生虫可以在不同生命周期阶段（幼虫、若虫、成虫）中传播和存活

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trans-ovarian (infect developing eggs)

寄生虫可以感染发育中卵子，从而传播给下一代

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The main transmission of flagellates

Insect vector昆蟲媒介(mainly through sandfly)

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Cutaneoes

皮膚

Visceral

內臟

2 main pathological sites of flagellates infection

Cutaneous ＆ visceral

Amastigotes

無鞭毛形態

Exogenous cysts

外源性囊腫：一种休眠和耐干燥的形态，通常存在于感染者的粪便中

Main symptom of Giardia spp. Infection

Diarrhoea

腹瀉

Amoebae

變形蟲，又稱阿米巴原蟲

The main transmiss for amoebae

Faecal-oral

feeding trophozoite

滋养虫体，是活跃的寄生虫，它们可以吞噬宿主的组织和细胞，导致组织损伤和感染

Histolysis (soft tissue abscesses)

寄生虫引发的组织损伤过程，通常表现为软组织脓肿（soft tissue abscesses）

Bloody diarrhea

腹泻的一种形式，其特点是粪便中带有血液

Colonic ulceration

结肠溃疡

The main symptom of ciliates

Bloody diarrhea & Colonic ulceration

Three main types of disease for Protozoa

• gastro-enteritis (diarrhoea) • vascular disorders (anaemia, ischaemia) • space-occupying lesions (organ malfunction)

Protozoa are small but deadly, because:

• rapid development (® acute diseases) • amplification in host (® intense infections)

Helminth

蠕蟲

nematodes (roundworms)

線蟲（蛔蟲）

cestodes (tapeworms)

絛蟲（絛蟲）

trematodes (flukes)

吸蟲（吸蟲）

Three main types of transmission of helminth

1. faecal-oral (eggs) 2. vector-borne (larvae) 3. predator-prey (encysted larvae)

Helminths are large and not so deadly because:

• slow development (>chronic diseases) • no amplification (>light infections)

amplification

增加、扩大或放大某种东西的程度、规模或效果

Three main types of disease for helminths

1. gastro-enteritis (blockages, diarrhoea) 2. vascular disorders (lymphoedema) 3. granulomas (encapsulated larvae)

lymphoedema

淋巴水腫

blockages

物质或对象在某个通道、管道、血管、管路或通路中形成的堵塞或阻塞

metazoa

描述多细胞动物王国的生物学术语

invertebrate

無脊椎動物

Defining characteristics of helminths

• eukaryotes • metazoa • invertebrate

Enteric

腸溶

Two main sites of helminths infection

Enteric ＆ tissue

Trichuris (whipworm)

鞭蟲（鞭蟲）屬於 "nematodes"（线虫类）

exogenous egg

外源卵子

rectal prolapse

直腸脫垂

Two main symptom of trichuris infection

• diarrhoea • rectal prolapse

Ascaris (roundworm)

Ascaris（蛔虫）属于 "nematodes"（线虫类）

ingestion

攝取

pneumonia

肺炎

larval

幼蟲

gut obstruction

腸道阻塞

Two main symptom of ascaris infection

• pneumonia (larval migration) • gut obstruction (adult worms)

Ancylostoma (hookworm)

鉤蟲（鉤蟲）屬於 "nematodes"（线虫类）

larval migrans

幼蟲移行症

The main symptom of ancylostoma infection

larval migrans

Onchocerca (filarial worm)

一種"nematodes"（线虫类）

elephantiasis

象炎

The main symptom of onchocerca infection

elephantiasis

Dracunculus (guinea worm)

"nematodes"（线虫类）

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

猪绦虫，屬於"cestodes"（绦虫类）

brain cysticerci

脑囊虫症是一种由猪绦虫Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)幼虫引发的感染，通常涉及到脑部组织

Echinococcus granulosus & E. multiloculularis

細粒棘球絛蟲和多房棘球絛蟲 Main transmission is predator-prey in human, sheep ＆ kangaroos

hydatid disease

包蟲病caused by Echinococcus granulosus & E. multiloculularis

Schistosoma (blood fluke)

吸血蟲，屬於trematodes (flukes) 吸蟲（吸蟲）

ascites

腹水 caused by Schistosoma (blood fluke)

granulomas

肉芽腫caused by Schistosoma (blood fluke)吸血蟲

Fasciola (liver fluke)

"trematodes"（吸虫类）

pipestem fibrosis

管幹纖維化caused by pipestern fibrosis

Arthropods

節肢動物

Insecta

昆蟲綱

louse

蝨

flea

跳蚤

mites

蟎蟲

thorax

胸部

abdomen.

腹部

Ticks & other mites

• Blood-sucking arachnids with abdomen, head & thorax fused. • Adults & nymphs with 4 pairs of legs, no wings • Larvae with 3 pairs of legs

Two main families of ticks & other mites:

• 1. hard ticks (Family Ixodidae) • 2. soft ticks (Family Argasidae)

Soft ticks (Family Argasidae)

Males & females are very similar

Hard ticks (Family Ixodidae)

Males & females are very different

elaborate

精緻的

penetrating

穿透性的

cement

黏固劑

How many individual hosts in the life of a tick

Usually 3

Lice (Anoplura)

蝨子

Pediculus capitis

頭蝨－頭蝨

Pediculus humanus

頭蝨 mainly on clothes I body

Pthirus pubis

陰蝨on hair