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MICR2000 > M7 - Immunology > Flashcards

M7 - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

phagosome

A

吞噬體

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2
Q

phagocytosed

A

被吞噬

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3
Q

induce

A

誘發

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4
Q

evade

A

逃避

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5
Q

engulf

A

吞噬

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6
Q

fetus

A

胎兒

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7
Q

atherosclerosis

A

動脈粥狀硬化

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8
Q

asbestosis

A

石棉肺

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9
Q

deficiency

A

缺陷

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10
Q

hypersensitivity

A

超敏反應

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11
Q

Allergy

A

過敏

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12
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

免疫缺陷

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13
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

類風濕關節炎

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14
Q

necrosis

A

壞死

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15
Q

incapacitated

A

喪失行為能力

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16
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

僵直性脊椎炎

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17
Q

cytokine

A

a protein that is released from a cell that acts on receptors on other cells
細胞激素

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18
Q

sanitation

A

衛生設施

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19
Q

vaccination

A

疫苗接種

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20
Q

smallpox

A

天花

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21
Q

rivalry

A

競爭

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22
Q

tetanus

A

破傷風

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23
Q

Cellular immunity

A

immune mechanisms involving direct action of a cell to eliminate a pathogen

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24
Q

Humoral immunity

A

any immune mechanism using secreted factors, but usually refers to antibodies produced by B cells

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25
Q

innate

A

天生的

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26
Q

Mechanisms of Prevention of Infection

A
  1. Physical and chemical barriers to pathogen invasion
  2. Active defence by innate immune cells天生
  3. Active defence by cells of the acquired immune system後天
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27
Q

Mucus

A

黏液

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28
Q

Gut

A

腸道

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29
Q

entrap

A

捕獲

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30
Q

shed

A

脫落

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31
Q

Physical barriers

A
  1. Skin: tight junctions between epithelial cells
  2. Gut: mucus + thick layer that prevents association between bugs and the epithelium.
  3. Lung: Mucus entraps organisms
  4. Physical removal of bacteria – flow of urine, shedding of mucus in gut, ciliated epithelium moving mucus up and out of the lung.
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32
Q

peptide

A

胜肽

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33
Q

Commensal

A

共生體

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34
Q

Lysozyme

A

溶菌酶

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35
Q

degrade

A

降解

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36
Q

Chemical barriers

A
  1. Acid pH: in stomach and skin
  2. Antimicrobial peptides secreted onto epithelial surfaces: disrupt bacterial membranes.
  3. Enzyme: degrades the bacterial cell wall. ex. lysozyme in tear & saliva
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37
Q

Biological competition example

A

Commensals in gut and skin compete with pathogens – if the niche生態位 is already occupied, pathogens cannot move in.

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38
Q

Monocytes

A

單核細胞

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39
Q

macrophages

A

巨噬細胞

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40
Q

natural killer cells

A

自然殺手細胞

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41
Q

dendritic cells (DC)

A

樹突狀細胞 (DC)

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42
Q

neutrophils

A

嗜中性球

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43
Q

basophils

A

嗜鹼性球

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44
Q

eosinophils

A

嗜酸性球

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45
Q

mast cells

A

肥大細胞

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46
Q

complement system

A

補體系統

Lysis of pathogens through the attack of several dozen secreted proteins

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47
Q

influx

A

湧入

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48
Q

Feature of Innate Immunity

A
  1. Rapidly acting
  2. Same response for same pathogen
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49
Q

Lysis

A

裂解

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50
Q

Phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens by…

A

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, DC

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51
Q

antigen

A

抗原

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52
Q

Feature of Acquired Immunity

A
  1. slower to develop for the first-time infection
  2. specific customized
  3. has “memory”: when facing the next same infection, the response is more rapid and effective.
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53
Q

the work of B cell

A

antibody production

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54
Q

the work of T cell

A

killing of infected cells

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55
Q

Peripheral

A

周圍

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56
Q

phagocytosis

A

吞噬作用

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57
Q

bone marrow

A

骨髓

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58
Q

thymus

A

胸腺

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59
Q

Immunity is mediated by cells which develop in…

A

the primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus)

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60
Q

spleen

A

脾臟

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61
Q

Immune cells circulate through…

A

blood and lymph and secondary lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes and mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue –MALT)

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62
Q

The acquired immune response is initiated in…

A

secondary lymphoid tissues.

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63
Q

Tonsil

A

扁桃體

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64
Q

anticoagulant

A

抗凝血劑

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65
Q

centrifugation

A

離心

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66
Q

Serum

A

血清

67
Q

clot

A

凝塊

68
Q

Lymphocytes

A

淋巴球

69
Q

Granulocytes

A

粒細胞

70
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

多形核白血球

71
Q

3 types of leukocytes

A

•Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells)
•Monocytes
•Granulocytes (also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes) - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

72
Q

haematopoiesis

A

造血作用Differentiation of blood cells

73
Q

haematopoietic stem cells

A

造血幹細胞

74
Q

proliferate

A

增生

75
Q

precursor

A

前驅物

76
Q

T Cell Differentiation in

A

thymus

77
Q

Lymph fluid returns to the blood stream via…

A

thoracic duct.

78
Q

Lymph is not pumped, but moved via

A

skeletal muscle contractions

79
Q

debris

A

碎片

80
Q

Lymph contains:

A

•Leukocytes
•Proteins similar to plasma
•Cell debris
•Pathogens
•(Cancer cells)

81
Q

the secondary lymphoid organs:

A

– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)

82
Q

MALT acquires antigen from…

A

gut and airways

83
Q

Red pulp of Spleen

A

site of RBC disposal處置

Pulp 髓

84
Q

pulp

A

髓

85
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

sites of T and B cell activation similar to lymph nodes

86
Q

“naïve” lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that have not previously been activated by recognition of a foreign antigen molecule.

87
Q

lysosome

A

溶小體

carries proteases actived at acid pH

88
Q

acidification

A

酸化

89
Q

Stages of Phagocytosis

A

• Recognition
• Extension of membrane
• Fusion of membrane to form phagosome
• Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome and then acidification of the phagolysosome
• Killing and degradation of bacterium

90
Q

Opsonisation

A

調理作用

91
Q

Free radicals

A

自由基

molecules with a lone unpaired electron

92
Q

proteoglycan

A

蛋白質多醣

93
Q

sequester

A

isolate

94
Q

Main Microbial Killing by Phagocytes

A

Utility of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species:
[Backgroung: Free radicals are highly reactive.]
1. NADPH oxidase enzyme makes O(2-) (superoxide) targeted into the phagosome or into extracellular space. Then, non-enzymatic reactions of O(2-) generate: H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), HO (hydroxyl radical)
2. NO- is made by inducible誘導型 nitric oxide synthase一氧化氮合成酶.

95
Q

Other means of attack to kill microbial by phagocytes

A
  1. Degradative enzymes: lysozyme attacks proteoglycan in the cell wall & acid proteases degrade proteins
  2. Antimicrobial Peptides (positively charged peptides that attack bacterial cell wall)
  3. Other proteins bind and sequester iron, that is essential to bacteria
96
Q

Granules

A

顆粒

97
Q

Features of Neutrophils

A
  1. strucuture: Multi-lobed nucleus + cytoplasmic granules (with antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, degradative enzymes)
  2. Short-lived, and many die at the site of infection, contributing to pus formation. In the process of dying they can release DNA and anti-bacterial proteins which together trap and kill organisms.
98
Q

macropinocytosis

A

巨胞飲作用

taking in fluid from the surroundings into large vesicles

99
Q

endocytosis

A

內吞作用

100
Q

Location of Mast cells

A

in the tissues near blood vessel

101
Q

histamine

A

組織胺

102
Q

The function of Mast cells

A
  1. Release histamine which causes inflammation, increases vessel permeability and attracts leukocytes.
  2. Related to allergy
103
Q

serum proteins

A

血清蛋白

104
Q

cascade

A

serum proteins of Complement are activated one by one

105
Q

Three classical pathway of complement activation

A
  1. Classical pathway : antibody bound to the pathogen surface
  2. Mannose-binding lectin pathway: Binds to sugar molecules on the surface of pathogens
  3. Alternative pathway: Direct recognition of bacterial surface by complement proteins
106
Q

Function of inflammation

A
  1. attract and activate immune cells
  2. prevent the spread of infection
  3. initiate tissue repair
107
Q

Inflammation can be initiated by:

A

(i) Cell damage - release of molecules from damaged cells – “danger signals”
(ii) Recognition of pathogen molecules

108
Q

Extravasation

A

免疫反应过程，白血球能够离开血管，进入受损或感染的组织，以进行免疫防御和修复

  1. Receive message
  2. Rolling on the inner wall of blood vessels
  3. Adhesion附著 to the vessel wall.
  4. Transendothelial跨內皮 migration
  5. Chemotaxis towards source of infection
  6. Phagocytosis of invading organisms
109
Q

Pathogen Recognition Receptors(PAMPs)

A

• PAMPs include many bacterial and yeast cell wall products, bacterial and viral DNA, and viral RNA
• These are recognised by Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR) on innate immune cells.

110
Q

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A

• Key receptors for Pathogen Recognition Receptors(PAMPs) expressed by innate immune cells
• Some are expressed on the cell surface, and some within the endosomal/phagosomal system

111
Q

Function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

A

kill infected cells

112
Q

The function of helper T cells (Th)

A
  1. help B cells make antibody
  2. help macrophages kill phagocytosed organisms
113
Q

The function of B cell

A

make antibodies

114
Q

antigen

A

抗原a molecule against which B and T cells generate a response.

115
Q

B cell receptor

A

Just antibody

B cells recognise antigens through B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is later produced as a secreted form, which is antibody (also known as immunoglobulin - Ig).

116
Q

immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

免疫球蛋白(Ig)

Activated B cells secrete “antibodies”

117
Q

Two parts for antibody

A

“Fc”: constant
“Fab”: variable

118
Q

Consequences of Antigen Recognition by T and B cells

A
  1. Proliferation: clonal selection or clonal expansion.
  2. Differentiation
    • B and T cells develop mature“effector” cell function.
    • B cells become antibody-secreting “plasma cells”
    • T cells become CTL or T helper cells
    • Some T and B cells become long-lived memory cells
119
Q

Progenitor cell

A

祖細胞

120
Q

Clonal Expansion

A

1st generation: Progenitor cell - Receptor variability generated during development

2nd generation:
- Lymphocyte pool with different Ag specificity
- Removal of self-reactive lymphocytes leads to self tolerance

3nd generation: Recognition of foreign antigen by mature naïve lymphocytes and clonal expansion

Receptor variability generated during development

121
Q

How do B and T Cells make so many different Antigen Receptors?

A

B and T cell genes rearrange during development, randomly combining different gene segments to generate variable receptors.

122
Q

Neutralisation

A

中和作用

antibody binding to virus can block entry into cells. Antibody can also neutralise bacterial toxins (e.g. tetanus toxin) and prevent effects on cells

123
Q

Some Ways in Which Antibodies Act:

A
  1. Neutralisation
  2. Opsonisation
  3. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
  4. Activation of classical pathway of complement system –lysis, opsonisation, inflammation
  5. Triggering of mast cells to release histamine
124
Q

Antibody 5 Classes

A

vary by the use of different heavy chain constant regions – IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE

125
Q

class switching of antibody

A

B cells can switch from making one class of antibody to another, but it does not change the antigen specificity of the antibody

126
Q

IgM

A

First class produced in response to a new Ag. Activates complement well. Can be pentameric.

127
Q

IgG

A

Major Ig in blood, crosses placenta胎盤 into fetus胎兒.

128
Q

IgA

A

Present in tears, saliva, mucus, milk as well as blood. Protects mucous membranes and infants. Can be dimeric二聚體.

129
Q

IgE

A

Activation of Mast cells, basophils - allergy and anti-helminth (worm parasite) responses

130
Q

IgD

A

Primarily B cell surface bound – function not well understood

131
Q

affinity

A

親和力

132
Q

fluorescently-labelled

A

螢光標記

133
Q

CD4 marker

A

a surface protein
T helper (Th) cells have
(i) help B cells make antibody – Th2 subset are good at this
(ii) activate macrophages to kill ingested organisms – Th1 subset are good at this

134
Q

Th2 subset of CD4 maker

A

help B cells make antibody

135
Q

help B cells make antibody

A

activate macrophages to kill ingested organisms

136
Q

CD8 marker

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have to directly kill infected cells or tumour cells

137
Q

T Cell Antigen Recognition

A

• TCR does not recognise free antigen
• TCR recognises peptides from antigens which are “processed” by antigen presenting cells (APC) and presented on a molecule called MHC (major histocompatibility complex).

138
Q

Antigen “processing”

A

proteins are broken down by proteases to give short peptides.

139
Q

The major APC (Antigen-Presenting Cell) involved in activation of naïve T cells

A

Dendritic Cells

140
Q

HLA (human leukocyte antigen)

A

MHC proteins

141
Q

major cause for incompatibility in transplantation

A

MHC proteins are highly variable between individuals

142
Q

MHC Class I

A

-displays peptides derived from cytoplasmic proteins (inside)
-activates CD8 T cells to become CTL

143
Q

MHC Class II

A

-displays peptides derived from proteins from outside cell and within phagosomes/endosomes (outside)
-activates CD4 T cells to become T helper cells

144
Q

MHC I or MHC II provides information on the location of the pathogen, and directs an appropriate immune response:

A

• MHC II: An extracellular infection needs T helper cell activation
• MHC I: An intracytoplasmic infection needs CTL activation

145
Q

Naïve T cell activation by activated DCs requires 2 signals

A

Signal 1 = T cell receptor binding MHC- Ag peptide
Signal 2 = Costimulatory signal (e.g. CD28 on T cell binds B7 on dendritic cell)

146
Q

why the dendritic cell only expresses B7 if it is activated

A

This helps to restrict T cell activation to infectious situations.

147
Q

The difference between PAMPs AND Antigens

A

1) The antigen (usually a protein) which is taken up and processed for presentation on MHC.
2) the PAMP (e.g. LPS, bacterial DNA) which alerts the APC to the fact there is an infection – the PAMP is not an antigen. PAMP signaling induces expression of B7 on the surface of the DC, to provide the essential signal 2.

148
Q

apoptosis

A

細胞凋亡

149
Q

Function of Cytotoxic T Cells

A

•Kill virally infected cells or tumour cells.
•Release granules which induce apoptosis.

150
Q

The function of T helper (“Th”) cells

A

Th1 and Th2 cells secrete different types of cytokines and are particularly good at helping macrophages and B cells, respectively

151
Q

Activated T cells can be:

A

(i)Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

(ii) T helper (“Th”) cells

152
Q

Summary of T cell Life

A
  1. T cell progenitors [Bone marrow]
  2. Develop & rearrange TCR gene [thymus]
  3. Central tolerance: T cells with a TCR strongly recognising self proteins are deleted
  4. Mature naïve T cells leave thymus and circulate [blood and secondary lymphoid organs]
  5. Stimulate to be Effector T cell (CTL or Th cell) through the recognition of antigen epitope by TCR
  6. Do the work of Effector T cells
  7. After antigen disappeared, Responsive T cell ↓, but memory T cells remain
153
Q

susceptibility

A

易感性

154
Q

“Severe Combined Immunodeficiency” (SCID)

A

T cell deficiency 缺陷

155
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

後天免疫缺乏症候群（愛滋病: AIDS就是因為其攜帶的HIV-1反转录病毒取代CD4使具有CD4分子的细胞（例如：Th细胞细胞）死亡，甚至导致未感染的免疫细胞死亡，導致免疫系統受損。

156
Q

Autoimmunity

A

自體免疫The Immune System Sometimes Attacks The Body

157
Q

Peripheral tolerance

A

some cells escape central tolerance and a range of processes in the periphery control self-reactive T cells

一些細胞逃避中樞耐受性，週邊的一系列過程控制自身反應性 T 細胞

158
Q

Two types of Mechanisms of tolerance

A

Central tolerance

Peripheral tolerance

159
Q

Failure of tolerance leads to…

A

autoimmunity

160
Q

Example of Autoimmunity – Type I Diabetes (Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus- IDDM)

A

負責產生胰島素的胰島 b 細胞會被 CTL 特異性破壞導致胰島素分泌減少=血糖值失控

161
Q

Example of Autoimmunity - Multiple sclerosis

A

多發性硬化症

中樞神經系統的神經 - 感覺、運動、視力問題被影響。每個患者都有Epstein Barr virus (EBV)感染，但不清楚具體機制。B 細胞療法是有效的。

162
Q

Example of Autoimmunity - Narcolepsy

A

嗜睡症
症狀是白天嗜睡，因為無法調節睡眠-覺醒週期。被認為是由於下視丘神經元受到自體免疫攻擊導致無法生產下視丘分泌素神經肽激素。

163
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

過敏性休克

164
Q

Process of Allergy

A
  1. Prior sensitisation to allergen: T cell and B cell activation to produce IgE
  2. Allergen-IgE binding to Mast Cells leading to “degranulation”- release of histamine to show the symptom of allergy
  3. Severe response causes anaphylactic shock: many mast cells degranulation causing a dangerous drop in blood pressure
  4. 事先對過敏原致敏：T細胞和B細胞活化產生IgE
  5. 過敏原-IgE與肥大細胞結合導致「脫粒」－釋放組織胺以顯示過敏症狀
  6. 嚴重反應導致過敏性休克：許多肥大細胞脫顆粒導致血壓危險下降

MICR2000 (5 decks)

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