M8: L39: Cardiac Medication Classifications Flashcards
When answering what do we need to determine what it is asking?
Intended effect, side effect, or adverse effect.
How should you go about studying meds?
Learn medications by their classifications because of the similarities that exist among medications in a given classification (e.g., bronchodilators dilate the bronchi of the lungs).
How can we remember some of the drugs and what class they belong to?
Learn medications belonging to a particular classification by remembering commonalities in their names.
What are two big things to know about medications?
Learn to recognize the side effects commonly associated with each class of medications and then relate the appropriate nursing interventions to each side effect.
What do androgens end in?
Most names end with -terone (e.g., testosterone).
What do Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors end in?
Most names end with -pril (e.g., enalapril).
What do most antidiuretic Hormones end in?
Most names end in -pressin (e.g., desmopressin).
What do most antilipemic medications end in?
Many end with -statin (e.g., atorvastatin).
What do most antivirals end in?
Most contain vir (e.g., acyclovir).
What do most benzodiazepines end in?
Although this class includes medications such as alprazolam and chlordiazepoxide, most names such as diazepam end in -pam. (Another tip for identifying a benzodiazepine: The name includes a vowel-z-vowel combination.)
What do most beta-adrenergic blockers end in?
Most names end with -lol (e.g., atenolol).
What do most calcium channel blockers end in?
Most names end in -pine (e.g., amiodipine); exceptions include diltiazem and verapamil.
What do most carbonic anhydrase inhibitos end in? What are thery used to treat?
Most names end in -mide (e.g., dorzolamide). These medications are used to treat glaucoma.
What do most estrogens contain in the name?
Most names contain (est) (e.g., estradiol or conjugated estrogen).
What do most glucocorticoids and corticosteroids end in?
Most names end in -sone (e.g., prednisone).
What do most histamine H2 receptor antagonists end in?
Most names end in -dine (e.g., cimetidine).
What do most nitrates contain?
Most names contain nitr (e.g., nitroglycerin).
What do most pancreatic enzyme replacments contain?
Most names contain pancre (e.g., pancrealipase).
What do most proton pump inhibitors names end in?
Most names end in -zole (e.g., lansoprazole).
What do most sulfonamides include?
Most names include sulf (e.g., sulfasalazine).
What do most sulfonylureas end in? What are they used to treat?
Most names end in -ide (e.g., glipizide). These medications are used to treat diabetes mellitus.
What do most thiazide diuretics end in?
Most names end in -zide (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide).
What do most thrombolytic include?
Most names include -ase (e.g., alteplase).
What do most thyroid hormones end in?
Most names contain thy (e.g., levothyroxine).
What do most xanthine bronchodilators end in?
Most names end in -line (e.g., theophylline).
What do we use androgens to treat?
Hormon to reduce the levels of male hormones canlled androgens, to stop them from fueling prostate cancer.
What are ACE inhibitors used for?
Mainly used for hypertension and heart failure. They work by causing relaxation of blood vessel as well as a decrease in blood volume, which leads to lower BP, and decreased oxegen demand from the heart.
What are antidiuretic hormones used for?
Chemical produced by the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced.
Anti-diuretic hormone helps to control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels. Its most important role is to conserve the fluid volume of your body by reducing the amount of water passed out in the urine.
What are antilipemic (-statin) drugs used for? What do they help prevent?
statins are used to lower your cholesterol and protecting agianst a heart attack and stroke.
What are antivirals used for?
Used to treat or stop the reproduction of viral infections.
What are benzodiazepines used for?
Used to treat anxiety and insomnia, they have a sedately effect.
What do we use beta blockers for?
Used to treat high blood pressure when other medications dont work.. (They work by blocking the epinephrine, also known as adrenaline.)
What do we use calcium channel blockers for? How do they work?
They are used to lower blood pressure. They work by preventing calcium to enter the cells of the heart and arteries which would cause them to squeeze.
What do we use carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for?
To treat glaucoma.
What is glaucoma?
A group of eye diseases that can cause blindness.
What do we use estrogens for?
Helps develop and maintain both the reproductive system and female characteristics.
What are glucocorticoids used for?
Powerful medications that fight inflammation and work with the immune system to treat a wide range of things.
What are corticosteroids used for? What are some conditions?
Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. They are used to treat conditions such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hay fever.
What are histmine H2 receptor aganosits used for?
used for allergic reactions.
What are proton pump inhibitors used for?
Used to relieve symptoms of acid reflux, or GERD, heartburn, stomach ulcers.
What are sulfamides used to treat?
Used to treat bacterial infections like UTI’s, eye infections, Pneumonia, Severe burns.
What are nitrates used for? How do they work?
They are used to treat chest pain and symptoms of heart failure. (They widen the blood vessels, allowing more blood to get to the heart.
What are thiazide diuretics used for?
Used as one of the first drug treatments to lower blood pressure, and clear fluid from the body.
What type of diuretic is used for heart failure?
Loop diuretic takes fluid off the heart.
PART 7: CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS
PART 7: CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS
What are anticoagulants used for?
Anticoagulant medications prevent the extension and formation of clots by inhibiting factors in the clotting cascade and decreasing blood coagulability.
What are some conditions that anticoagulants are used to treat?
These medications are used to treat thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction and are also given to clients at risk for thromboembolism.
What is the effect of heparin in the clot formation?
A therapeutic dosage of heparin does not dissolve clots; instead, it prevents formation of new thrombi.
What is the normal APTT with heparin?
normal activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is maintained at 1.5 to 2.5 times normal.
What is warfarin used for?
Which decreases prothrombin activity and prevents the use of vitamin K by the liver, is used for long-term anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolitic conditions such as thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, and embolism formation caused by atrial fibrillation, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or heart valve damage.
What is the major adverse effect with all anticoagulants?
Bleeding.
What are some substance you must avoid while taking anticoagulants?
Green leafy vegetables and foods high in vitamin K Allopurinol Cimetadine Corticosteroids Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs Oral hypoglycemic agents Phenytoin Salicylates Sulfonamides
What is the normal aPTT for a patient when on a continious heparin infusion?
Normal activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is maintained at 1.5 to 2.5 times when the client is on a continuous heparin infusion.
What is the normal aPTT without a continous heparin infusion?
The normal aPTT is 30 to 40 seconds.
When is heparin considered to great and what shoudl the nurse do?
If the APTT is too great (longer than 80 seconds), the dosage should be decreased;
When would we consider herpain time to be to short?
If the APTT is too short (shorter than 60 seconds), the dosage should be increased.
What is the normal clotting time? What is the desired clotting time with heparin?
Normal clotting time is 8 to 15 minutes; the desired clotting time with heparin is 15 to 20 minutes.
What are some things we should be on the lookout with for heparin?
Watch for signs of bleeding (e.g., bleeding gums, bruises, nosebleeds, hematuria, hematemesis, occult fecal blood, petechiae) and implement bleeding precautions.
Where do we give heparin injections only and what sized needle do we use?
When administering heparin subcutaneously, inject it into the abdomen with a small needle (25- to 28-gauge) at a 90-degree angle; do not aspirate or rub the injection site.
Can you ever hang heparin by gravity?
Nope
What is the antidote to heparin?
protamine sulfate
What is the average prothrombin time? What is the effect of warfarin on the PT?
Prothrombin time (PT) averages 11 to 12.5 seconds; warfarin sodium prolongs the PT.
What is an INR?
The normal international normalized ratio (INR) is 0.81 to 1.2. A level of 2.0 to 3.0 is maintained in standard warfarin therapy and a level of 3.0 to 4.5 in high-dose warfarin sodium therapy. If the INR is below the recommended range, the dosage should be increased; if it is above the recommended range, the dosage should be reduced.
What do we look for with warfarin?
Monitor the client for bleeding and implement bleeding precautions.
What is the antidote for warfarin?
Vitamin K.
What are thrombolytic medications?
These medications activate plasminogen, which generates plasmin, the enzyme that dissolves clots.
When do we give thrombolytic medications?
Used early in the course of myocardial infarction (within 4 to 6 hours of onset), thrombolytic agents can restore blood flow, limit myocardial damage, preserve left ventricular function, and prevent death.
What are the top three nursing considerations for thrombolytic medications?
Monitor the client for bleeding and dysrhythmias.
Monitor the client for neurological changes (e.g., slurred speech, lethargy, confusion, hemiparesis) that might indicate intracranial bleeding.
The antidote to “clot-busting” medications is aminocaproic acid; used only in acute life-threatening conditions.
What are the most common thrombolytic medications?
Alteplase, reteplase, streptokinase, tenecteplase, urokinase.
